Surface compatibility

The use of chlorination as surface treatment to improve the adhesion of mbbers to polyurethane adhesives was proposed in 1971. The employ of chlorination in the industry is due to its high effectiveness in improving the adhesion of several types and formulations of mbbers, it is cheap and easy to apply. Furthermore, chlorination makes the mbber surface compatible with many adhesives... 

The exchange of inorganic cations by organic surfactant ions in the clay galleries not only makes the organoclay surface compatible with monomer or polymer matrix, but also de-... 

Transparency is often required. This is achieved by arranging that the particle size of the modifier to be below that of the wavelength of visible light (0.4-0.8 pm). This can normally be achieved by emulsion polymerisation, e.g., polybutadiene, polystyrene. Adhesion and surface compatibility between the polymer and modifier can be achieved by surface grafting of polar groups, e.g., acrylonitrile, various acrylates, onto the impact modifier surface before blending. 

There are also instruments with dispersion surfaces compatible with two-dimensional sensors. Their sensitivity and spectral response allow simultaneous measurement of thousands of lines (Fig. 15.7). 

Metal or metal oxides may be added to perform specific functions. Brass chips and copper powder are frequently used in heavy-duty organics where these metallics act as scavengers to break up undesirable surface films. Zinc chips used in Class A organics contribute significantly to recovery of normal performance following fade. Aluminum is also used. Most of these inorganic materials tend to detract from antinoise properties and mating surface compatibility. 

Two types of cloth are used. The first is "S" type fiberglass, superior to "E" type cloth sold to the public. The second is Kevlar 49, the same a ramid fiber fabric used in Second Chance Flexible Body Armor. Both types of cloth are treated or scoured to make the surface compatible with a variety of laminating resins, including vinylester, polyester and epoxy. 

The advent of high-strength carbon-based fibers has led to a number of structural applications in medical treatment. The specifications for implanted materials required that they offer acceptable long-term mechanical properties and surfaces that are biocompatible [126]. Surface compatibility affects immediate acceptance, while the long-term mechanical performance is determined by the bulk properties of the implant. 

The description, specifications, and test methods for any packaging configuration should be available to the plant before the production scale-up. Unit functionality and fit should be included as a practical use test in any specification. The plant equipment to be used in packaging should be evaluated for feasibility, speed, and contact surface compatibility. Preliminary evaluations of surface compatibility, discussed previously, should suffice as an early indication of packaging equipment suitability. 

Columns packed with small polymer-coated glass beads, because of their large surface area to void volume ratio, provide a severe test of platelet-surface compatibility. A 2.5 ml column packed with 0.35 - 0.50 mm diameter beads provides -200 cm of surface area which, at a point in time, is exposed to -0.6 ml of blood. This is equivalent to spreading a film of blood 30 urn thick on a flat surface and, assuming a mean capillary diameter of 7 urn, represents approximately one-twentieth the surface to volume ratio of a capillary bed. 

Wide surface compatibility The high polarity of the base elastomer aids in developing adhesion to virtually all high polarity surfaces. Solvent-based products often develop good adhesion to low polarity surfaces such as polyolefins and other plastic substrates. 

Aerobic adhesives have a wider latitude in formulating for specific end-use requirements than other acrylic adhesives [1,2]. Flexibility, opacity, cure speed, and surface compatibility may be controlled over a wide range to produce adhesives for metal, glass, many plastics, ceramics, and hard woods. The cured properties of specific aerobic formulations are scarcely affected by efficient thickening agents such as fumed silica. As a consequence, it is possible for an end user to pick a set of cured properties and then have the adhesive s viscosity modified to specific requirements. The properties of three representative cured formulations are outlined in Appendix B. 

Biocompatibility ability of a biomaterial to perform its desired function without eliciting any imdesirable local or systemic effects in the host tissues the material should be mechanical, chemical, pharmacological and surface compatible with surroimding tissues and host. 

Besides their role of enhancing solvent-clay surface compatibility already discussed above, some organic modifier molecules may provide functional groups that participate in catalyst supporting reactions [62, 103] or even become copolymerized with the polymer during in-situ polymerization [70]. 

Various fluoroalkyl SAM molecules were incorporated in silicone hydrogel contact lens formulations to evaluate their effect on silicone hydrogel lens surface compatibility with tear fluid [47-49). The clinical measures of compatibility were wettability and deposition as described in the experimental section. Typical clinical results in Table 6 showed that the presence of SAMs at the lens surface had a positive effect on lens performance. Both the wettability by tear fluid and deposition from tear fluid were improved by the presence of the SAMs in the hydrogel lenses. However, the desired performance levels of 3.9 wettability and <0.1 deposition were not achieved. 

Have an interior surface compatible with the membrane adhesion system... 

Glycopolymers were recently grafted onto PET fibers by double plasma treatment in order to obtain a surface compatible with biological material. The first step is activation of the PET surface by argon plasma treatment leading to the formation of radicals by scission of the chemical bonds. Then, fibers are exposed to air in order to form (hydro)peroxides functions. The activated fibers are dipped in glycomonomers solutions and dried. A second plasma treatment is applied to polymerize the monomers adsorbed on fibers (43). 

Having a complete functional textile solar cell motivates the researchers to attempt an approach for direct incorporation of photovoltaic cell elements onto the textile. The textile substrates inherently scatter most part of the incident light outward. Therefore, it was found necessary to apply a layer of the very flexible polymer PE onto the textile substrate to have a surface compatible with a layered device. The textile-PE substrate was plasma treated before application of the transparent PEDOT electrode in order to obtain good adhesion of the PEDOT layer to the PE carrier. Then screen-printing was employed for the application of the active polymer poly[2-methoxy-5-(2 -ethylhexyloxy)-p-phenylene vinylene] (MEH-PPV) [33]. 

The construction shall allow easy decontamination of surfaces. Compatibility of decontamination materials and the operating environments shall be considered for operational states and design basis accidents. 

Biocompatibility is another essential aspect. It means compatibility between a technical and a biological system. It includes structural compatibility, surface compatibility, as well as blood compatibility [954]. 

Morphological or topographical aspects (structural and surface compatibility with the host tissue) ... 

The discussion of clay surface compatibility with polymers in this section will focus primarily on montmorillonite as the example clay. The characteristics discussed will only vary by degree for other smectic clays. 

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