Surface characterization microscopic examination

In the context of morphology, the principal information that is obtained from such experiments is the conformational distribution of the polymer chains. In recent years, microscopes have been developed which allow the simultaneous observation of the surface and spectroscopic examination of the surface. The illuminating beam is brought down the optical axis and the reflected light is then collected using fibre optics. The spot size is typically several tens of micrometres but can be smaller and does allow characterization of domains or phase structure that has dimensions of this order. The techniques and their application are covered in detail elsewhere. ... 

There are at least a few surface characterization problems that the SEM cannot do surfaces of materials unstable under high-vacuum or high-energy electron bombardment samples too bulky for the SEM sample compartment and finally, samples requiring manipulation on the surface during examination and vertical resolution of detail below 250 pm. Also, the natural color of the specimen (e.g., paint pigments) can be observed with the light microscope, while it cannot by an SEM. 

Membrane Cliaraeterization MF membranes are rated bvtliix and pore size. Microfiltration membranes are imiqiielv testable bv direct examination, but since the number of pores that rnav be obsen ed directlv bv microscope is so small, microscopic pore size determination is rnainlv useful for membrane research and verification of other pore-size-determining methods. Furthermore, the most critical dimension rnav not be obseiA able from the surface. Few MF membranes have neat, cvlindrical pores. Indirect means of measurement are generallv superior. Accurate characterization of MF membranes is a continuing research topic for which interested parties should consult the current literature. 

Profilometer and Contract Angle Measurements The copper surface after Pumice treatment was also examined by profilometry and characterized by contact angle measurement. The profilometer was supplied by Sheffield Measurement Division of Dayton, Ohio. The contact angle measurements were made using a microscope device supplied by Gilmont Instruments, Great Neck, New York. 

The abscissas of the correlation diagrams can be quantified. The quantification is thus far only an ex post facto device with power to classify but not yet to predict. It does not yet have a microscopic interpretation. Nevertheless it satisfies the needs of a theory of the equilibrium behavior of melting and freezing of clusters. Only the existence and not the definition of the nonrigidity parameter or the details of its origins is used in stage 2. However, we make a brief aside here to explain the definition in order to clarify just what information it carries. To understand the order parameter y (not to be confused with the surface tension), it is useful to examine how nonrigidity is traditionally characterized in diatomic and linear, particularly triatomic molecules. For... 

The deactivated catalyst recovered from the reactor after each run was analysed for its coke content using a LECO CS244 carbon/sulphur analyzer. The total surface area of the fresh and spent catalysts were measured using a Quantasorb Sortometer in the Catalyst Characterization Laboratories at Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research. The catalyst pore structures were also examined through a scanning electron microscope and images of the fresh and spent catalyst. 

Raman microscopes are more commonly used for materials characterization than other Raman instruments. Raman microscopes are able to examine microscopic areas of materials by focusing the laser beam down to the micrometer level without much sample preparation as long as a surface of the sample is free from contamination. This technique should be referred to as Raman microspectroscopy because Raman microscopy is not mainly used for imaging purposes, similar to FUR microspectroscopy. An important difference between Raman micro-and FUR microspectroscopies is their spatial resolution. The spatial resolution of the Raman microscope is at least one order of magnitude higher than the FTIR microscope. 

Raman spectroscopy is attractive as an examination technique for ceramic and polymeric materials because it can simply examine them by illuminating their surfaces regardless of sample thickness and form. Raman microscopy is even more attractive because it can examine a microscopic area with diameters in the order of 1 /xm. Raman microscopy is increasingly used for materials characterization, including ... 

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