Supramolecular organic templating

The process utilizing supramolecular organization involves pore expansion in silicas. A schematic view of such micelles built from the pure surfactant and those involving in addition n-alkane is shown in Figure 4.9. Another example of pore creation provides a cross-linking polymerization of monomers within the surfactant bilayer [30]. As a result vesicle-templated hollow spheres are created. Dendrimers like that shown in Figure 4.10 exhibit some similarity to micellar structures and can host smaller molecules inside themselves [2c]. Divers functionalized dendrimers that are thought to present numerous prospective applications will be presented in Section 7.6. 

Paralleling the approach used in supramolecular organic chemistry of adamantyl templates with different synthons (266-268), Ciani and... 

Templated synthesis is a timely research area where molecular and supramolecular sciences meet. Moreover, it represents an emerging interface between chemistry, biology, and materials sciences. This multi-author monograph includes authoritative contributions from ten leading research laboratories involved in the development of novel template-assisted organic synthesis at this interface. It demonstrates how non-covalent and covalent templates are successfully applied to control the rate and the regio- and stereoselectivity of molecular and supramolecular organic reactions. 

The methods of soft chemistry include sol-gel, electrochemical, hydrothermal, intercalation and ion-exchange processes. Many of these methods are employed routinely for the synthesis of ceramic materials. - There have been recent reviews of the electrochemical methods, intercalation reactions, and the sol-gel technique. The sol-gel method has been particularly effective with wide-ranging applications in ceramics, catalysts, porous solids and composites and has given rise to fine precursor chemistry. Hydrothennal synthesis has been employed for the synthesis of oxidic materials under mild conditions and most of the porous solids and open-framework structures using organic templates are prepared hydro-thermally. The advent of supramolecular chemistry has started to make an impact on synthesis, mesoporous solids being well known examples. ... 

This part of the review is primarily concerned with supramolecular organization. Covalent approaches are not described. It must be briefly noted here that there are many reports on the synthesis and characterization of macrocycles with artificial antennae in various forms of macrorings 7-14 [43-48] and wheels [49]. Selective macroring formation has been achieved in the presence of suitable templates for macrocychzation [50-52]. These have been the subject of various review articles [53-55]. 

Supramolecular Organization of Polymeric Materials in Nanoporous Hard Templates... 

The inherent ability of block copolymers to self-assemble into various well-ordered supramolecular structures makes them attractive for numerous technological applications. For instance, thin films self-assembled from block copolymers have been used as building blocks in nanotechnology and materials science [89-91 ]. Block copolymers have been employed directly without further manipulation as nanomaterials [92], or used as self-organized templates for the creation of nanos-tructured materials [92, 93]. Block copolymer blends demonstrated their applicability as patterning templates for the fabrication of well-ordered arrays [94], as well as for nanoscale manufacturing of more complex patterns [95]. The use of amphiphilic block copolymers for templating applications has been reviewed by FOrster [96]. 

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