Support carrageenan

The same procedure of catalyst synthesis applied to other polysaccharides, such as -carrageenan and chitosan, allowed data on the influence of the chemical structure of the support to be obtained. The differences in turnover numbers (moles of product per moles of Pd per hour), close to 500 for alginates, 190 for carrageenan, and only 40 for chitosan, indicated that the activities were correlated to the electrostatic properties of the support. Carrageenans only bear one sulfate group per two saccharide monomers, while alginate presents one carboxylic group... 

In the gel network there are zones, where the polymers interact, and large segments, where the macromolecules are randomly extended. The lattice is responsible for the elasticity and the textural strength of the product. In multicomponent gels all constituents may form separate or coupled networks, or else one component, not involved in network formation, may indirectly affect the gelling by steric exclusion of the active molecules. Such exclusion increases the concentration of the active component in the volume of the solution where the gel is formed. In gels made from the mince of squid meat at 1.5% NaCl, the added carrageenan and egg whites form separate networks that support the structure made of squid proteins, while added... 

Table 6.3. Cu(II)2(acetate)4 was found to be active in the initial test (carrageenan paw oedema) for anti-inflammatory activity, but inactive in the two follow-up anti-inflammatory screens (cotton wad granuloma and polyarthritis). Cupric chloride had no activity in any of these models of inflammation. Ligands such as anthranilic acid and 3,5-diisopropylsalicylic acid (3,5-DIPS) which were anticipated to be inactive were found to be so. However, their copper complexes were found to be potent anti-inflammatory agents in all three models of inflammation. These observations supported the notion that complexed copper is a more active anti-inflammatory form of copper and led to the suggestion that copper complexes of active anti-inflammatory agents might be more active than their parent anti-inflammatory drugs.

The aerial parts of Eupatorium articulatum L. (Compositae) are widely used in the Andes region of Ecuador for the treatment of inflammatory diseases. The methanolic extract of this species exhibited a significant in vivo anti-inflammatory activity, when tested for its ability to reduce carrageenan-induced inflammation in rat paw oedema, thus supporting the traditional use claimed for this plant. Since the inflammation process is associated to the generation of reactive oxygen species and the induction of lipid peroxidation, the antioxidant properties of the extract were also studied [45]. Significant activity was observed when tested for its ability... 

The role of LTB as an inflammato mediator is supported by studies showing high amounts of LTB. in the skin chan r fluid of involved skin from psoriatics ° and in gouty effusions. In contrast, LTC. and LTD, but not LTB, are detected by bioassay and HPLC in carrageenan-induced pleurisy in rats. Leukotrienes may also be involved in the modulation of pain in inflanmatory lesions. In the rat paw, LTB. causes... 

Data submitted summarizing customer complaint records for cow s milk-and soy-based infant formulas with and without carrageenan content did not reveal statistical differences between these groups with respect to blood in stool or upper respiratory tract infections. The Committee noted that these records did not relate to hydrolysed protein- and/or amino acid-based liquid formulas and that such reports would be unlikely to reveal subtle adverse effects. One epidemiological study indicated an association between consumption of carrageenan and incidence of mammary cancer. The Committee concluded that these data did not support a causal relationship because of limitations in the methodology and lack of adjustments for acknowledged risk factors for mammary carcinoma. 

As an immobilization method, both for whole cells or enzymes, membrane bioreactors provide the advantages and drawbacks common to entrapment or adsorption methods. They nevertheless present particular assets. Mass transfer in the porous supports generally used (alginate, k-carrageenan, zeolites, silica) is a diffusion-controlled process, often becoming the overall rate-limiting step. This maybe overcome by the use of membrane modules. This equipment also avoids... 

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