Supplementary Cementitious Materials

Grinding reduces the particle size to cement fineness, allowing its use as a supplementary cementitious material in Portland cement concrete. 

Portland cement concrete Aggregate Supplementary cementitious materials... 

Portland cement concrete-supplementary cementitious material... 

It was reported that expanded polystyrene can be used as ultra lightweight aggregate suitable for developing concretes for both structural and non-structural applications by varying its volume percentage in mortar or concrete. Moreover the use of high volume fly ash as a supplementary cementitious material in concrete applications is very much preferred for economy and durability apart from the advantages that are related to the environmental aspects [4]. 

Elahi A, Basheer P.A.M, Nanukuttan S.V. and Khan Q.U. ZM. Mechanical and durability properties of high performance concretes containing supplementary cementitious materials. Construction and Building Materials 2010 24 (3) 292-299. 

Mohr, B., Biernacki, J., Kurtis, K., 2007. Supplementary cementitious materials for mitigating degradation of kraft pulp fibre cement-composites. Cement Concrete Research, 37(11), pp. 1531-1543. 

Table 4.3 Physical characteristics of selected supplementary cementitious materials (SCM)...

An important development in concrete mix design has been the addition of so-called supplementary cementitious materials. Two classifications apply to these compoimds Pozzolans, such as fly ash and silica fume, react with the cement hydration products, notably calcium hydroxide hydraulic materials, such as granulated blast furnace slag, undergo direct hydration reactions. As these materials are of lower cost than conventional cement and essentially represent environmental waste products, there are obvious incentives for blending them in concrete mixes. As pointed out by Hansson, these materials can improve the strength and durability of concrete, with the important proviso that the concrete is cured adequately. 

Lothenbach, B., K. Scrivener and R. D. Hooton (2011). Supplementary cementitious materials . Cement and Concrete Research 41(12) 1244-1256. 

Figure 3.16 Automatic dilatometry using webcam and the EPFL procedure (see Table 3.1) on replicate samples of portland cement paste (CEM I 52.5R, w/c = 0.4, mixed 2 min at 1600 rpm). (After Berodier, E.. Impact of the supplementary cementitious materials on the kinetics and microstructure development of cement hydration, PhD thesis, Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne, Switzerland, 2014.)...

Berodier, E. (2014a). Impact of the supplementary cementitious materials on the kinetics and microstructure development of cement hydration. PhD thesis, Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne, Switzerland. 

It should be stressed that only relative proportions of weight fractions can be obtained if the sample contains amorphous phases or if any additional crystalline phases were not included into the Rietveld refinement. This approximation is often used in QPA of portland cements or clinker when only negligible levels of amorphous phases are expected to be present (Leon-Reina et al. 2009 Le Saout et al. 2011 Peterson et al. 2006 Taylor et al. 2002). As these assumptions are no longer valid for cements blended with mostly amorphous supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) or for hydrated cements, different methods were developed to take into... 

Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) is a widely applied technique in the field of cement science. Measurements of bound water and portlandite content by TGA are often used to follow the reaction of portland cement or to evaluate the reactivity of supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs), such as fly ash and blast furnace slags. TGA is able to identify X-ray amorphous hydrates, such as C-S-H or AHj, and can be used complementarily to other techniques such as X-ray diffraction (XRD). 

This chapter describes the basic features and common practise of solid-state NMR in studies of portland cement systems and illustrates how this tool can be used to derive structural and quantitative information about cement components and cement hydration for both pure portland cement and Portland cements, including admixtures or supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs). Particular emphasis is given on the NMR techniques generally used in solid-state NMR studies of portland cement systems. However, a comprehensive overview of the NMR studies that have been performed so far or of the new chemical and physical knowledge derived from these studies will not be given. 

Moesgaard, M., D. Herfort, J. Skibsted and Y. Yue. 2010. Calcium aluminosilicate glasses as supplementary cementitious materials. Glass Technology European Journal of Glass Science and Technology A 51,183-190. 

Several binary blends of cement with a supplementary cementitious material (SCM) are shown in Figure 8.22. All were hydrated at 20°C, with a water/binder of 0.4. In these systems IPcement refers to the inner product... 

Gosselin, C. 2009. Microstructural Development of Calcium Aluminate Cement Based Systems with and without Supplementary Cementitious Materials (ficole Polytechnique Eederale de Lausanne, Switzerland, PhD thesis). 

Unlike the Blaine method, the LD method does not require calibration, but it involves the assumption of the spherical particle geometry. As in the case of the Blaine method, SSAs calculated by LD are significantly lower than the true value as surface roughness and porosity of the particles are not considered. In addition, as explained above, the refractive index of the powder in the dispersive media must be known. The value of refractive index of cement is agreed upon but this value has not been determined accurately for certain supplementary cementitious materials. In some cases, the SSA from LD can give a reasonable assessment (e.g. fly ash in Table 10.1), in other cases it can be very low such as for heavily agglomerated powder (e.g. clays in Table 10.1). 

Clinker or supplementary cementitious materials such as slag can be degassed at relatively high temperatures, 200°C, for 1 hour without modifying its microstructure. 

The main messages to take home for the use of wet LD for particle size measurement are that (1) a reasonable choice of refractive and absorption indices must be made and (2) to not overinterpret the tails of the size distributions if the particles are not spherical. Good, reproducible results can be obtained for cementitious materials, although dispersion conditions for the powder sometimes have to be optimised, particularly for fine supplementary cementitious materials such as silica fume. General recommendations for optical models, dispersion liquids and dispersants have been given. 

Arvaniti, E. C., M. C. G. Juenger, S. A. Bernal, J. Duchesne, L. Courard, S. Leroy, J. L. Provis, A. Klemm and N. De Belie (2014a, October). Determination of Particle Size, Surface Area, and Shape of Supplementary Cementitious Materials by Different Techniques . Materials and Structures, 1-15. 

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