Super phosphate

White phosphorus may be made by several methods. By one process, tri-calcium phosphate, the essential ingredient of phosphate rock, is heated in the presence of carbon and silica in an electric furnace or fuel-fired furnace. Elementary phosphorus is liberated as vapor and may be collected under phosphoric acid, an important compound in making super-phosphate fertilizers. 

Fertilisers For nitrates, non-molybdenum austenitic steels are satisfactory, but in the manufacture of ammonium sulphate some free acid is often present, so that evaporators and centrifugal dryer baskets in this case are generally made from molybdenum-bearing steels. For super-phosphates this has limited application. 

Also, some phosphate rock can he converted directly to super-phosphate fertilizer, which is a mixture of CaS04 and Ca(H2P04)2 H20 ... 

Calcium Biphosphate Calcium Acid (or Super) Phosphate Primary Calcium Phosphate ... 

Drechsel, E. K., Potassium Phosphates The New Generation of SUPER Phosphates, Paper presented to the American Chemical Society, Division of Fertilizer and Soil Chemistry, Chicago, Illinois, August 28, 1973. 

P2O5 content of candidate acid-phosphates is given in Table 3.1. For comparison, we have also included commercially available phosphoric acid (85% concentrated) and a calcium hydrophosphate fertilizer called triple super phosphate (TSP) in this table. 

Once the hydrofluoric acid (HF) is removed, the end product is a solid mass of calcium hydrophosphate and gypsum. This solid is termed as normal super phosphate (NSP). Though this fertilizer is an inexpensive product, because available P2O5 in NSP is very small (5-8%), it is not a good raw material for economic production of CBPCs. However, TSP can be used in some applications. Details of TSP use in ceramic formation are discussed in Chapter 13. 

In addition to phosphoric acid, other acid phosphates have been used as a source of phosphate [8,9,21,22,30,31]. These include triple super phosphate [22,34], diammonium phosphate [22], and sodium dihydrogen phosphate [27]. These phosphates dissolve in water, release H2PO4 ions, and drive the pH of the solution to the acidic side. The chemical compounds of Pb, Cd, and Zn dissolve in the acidic solution and react with H2PO4 ions to form stable phosphates. 

Granular triple super phosphate MAP DAP Power generation Contact process for Sulfuric acid Wet process for phosphoric acid Acetic acid-standard method... 

Fig. 6.6-30 shows cross sections of broken melt-coated fertilizer granules [B.97]. In this case, the cores of conventionally granulated (by tumble/growth agglomeration. Section 6.6.1) TSP (triple super phosphate) were melt-coated with sulfur to provide an additional nutrient for sulfur-deficient soils and/or obtain a slow-release fertilizer. Fig. 6.6-31 is the flow diagram that is used for this process. The centerpiece of the system is the so-called fluid drum granulator (FDG). 

Sulfur is taken up by plants only in the form of sulfate out of the soil solution. Agricultural crops need 10-15 kg S ha a but forests require only 1-2 kg S ha a k In areas of clean air, in weathering products of low natural sulfur content and in the case of high harvests in agriculture and fertilizing with S-poor mineral fertilizers, crops need sulfur fertilizers - for example super phosphate that contains gypsum - or potassium sulfates. In industrialized areas - and especially in the northern hemisphere - the... 

Location, soii type, texture, sampiing depth and totai phosphorus concentration of controi sites in these studies are given in Table 11.1. Mineral phosphate fertilizer (with single superphosphate, triple super phosphate, calcium apatite, or rock phosphate) unless stated otherwise. Carbon concentrations from Lehmann etal. (2001a). 

Rothbaum, H.P., Gogirel, R.L., Johnstone, A.E., Mattingley, G.E.G., 1986. Cadmium accumulation in soils from long continued applications of super phosphate. J. Soil Sci. 37, 99-107. 

Despite having no female members, ladies were invited to participate in the summer excursions, arranged from the 1890s. All excursions focused on industrial plants and visits included one to a super-phosphate and sulfuric acid factory in 1888 and another to the Carlsberg Brewery and Laboratory in the winter of 1889-1890. The first woman was admitted in the society in 1898, one year after the first two females graduated from the Polytechnic College. The first woman on the executive committee - Agnes Petersen, married Delbanco -was elected in 1914, and the same year she became the first woman to deliver a paper in the society. There were never many women in the society and they played only minor roles as speakers or members of the executive committee -quite similar to the subordinate roles the female scientists often played in the laboratory. 

Saft develops Super-Phosphate technology for rigorous defense applications (2 November, 2009). http //www.saftbatteries.eom/SAFT/UploadedFiles/PressOffice/2009/CP 61-09 en.pdf, (accessed... 

Potassium sulphate and super-phosphate had no effect on the ontogenetic drift of AA in the roots of berseem. AA content of the tops was reduced by potassium sulphate and... 

The fertilizer industry continues to improve its products to give higher and higher yields of nutrient to plants. Triple Super Phosphate fertilizer is made by first treating phosphate ore with sulfuric acid to make a crude form of phosphoric acid that is often referred to as green acid, because it is colored green and not because it has not been cured or ripened. The green acid is also called wet acid, to differentiate it from phosphoric acid made from elemental phosphorus. Phosphoric acid produced from elemental phosphorus is the purest of acids and it is called furnace acid. 

Rather than treating phosphate ore with sulfuric acid as was done for many years to make Super Phosphate fertilizers. Triple Super Phosphate fertilizer is made by treating phosphate ore with green phosphoric acid. The fertilizer is a crude form of monocalcium orthophosphate, Ca(H2P04)2. An added value of this product is a larger quantity of phosphate contained in a pound of fertilizer and its availability by being highly soluble when it is first applied. As time passes it too becomes insolubilized as mentioned above. All phosphates remain soluble and available as nutrients for a short time on farms or in aquatic environments. 

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