Polytechnical College

The author thanks Dr. Norio Sato, Professor Emeritus of Hokkaido University for stimulating, fruitful discussion, and also thanks Professor Asanuma at Gunma Polytechnic College and Dr. Shinohara atNRLM-JST for providing many data for this paper. 

It is emphasised however that whilst the theoretical aspects of analytical chemistry can be studied in this way there is no substitute for the laboratory to learn the associated practical skills. In the U.K. there are nominated Polytechnics, Colleges and other Institutions who offer tutorial and practical support to achieve the practical objectives identified within each text. It is expected that many institutions worldwide will also provide such support. 

There are federal institutions which also include some specialised agricultural and technical universities. It must be mentioned that some states have set up universities and colleges of education as well as polytechnic/colleges of technology. 

H. C. Nielsen, Fortid, nutid, fremtid, Kemisk Maanedsblad, 10 (1929), 1-14, which includes a complete list of chemical engineers graduated from the Polytechnical College 1829-1929. A larger historical perspective is provided in Harnow, op. cit. (9). 

Hatfield Polytechnic, College Lane, Hatfield, Herts ALIO 9AB, UK. 

Berlingske Tidende, 13th October 1879. Translated by the author. The present name for the Polyteknisk Lasreanstalt (Polytechnic College) is Denmark s Technical University. 

In 1880, Denmark had but one geographical centre of university-level learning, namely the capital Copenhagen. It comprised two centres of chemical education Kobenhavns Universitet (the University of Copenhagen) and Polyteknisk Laereanstalt (the Polytechnic College). 

As the number of science students at the university was negligible, the lectures for those and for the students at the Polytechnic College were practically one and the same thing, and the lectures were oriented towards the scientific, pure chemistry. In the period 1829 to 1890, the Polytechnic College... 

Despite having no female members, ladies were invited to participate in the summer excursions, arranged from the 1890s. All excursions focused on industrial plants and visits included one to a super-phosphate and sulfuric acid factory in 1888 and another to the Carlsberg Brewery and Laboratory in the winter of 1889-1890. The first woman was admitted in the society in 1898, one year after the first two females graduated from the Polytechnic College. The first woman on the executive committee - Agnes Petersen, married Delbanco -was elected in 1914, and the same year she became the first woman to deliver a paper in the society. There were never many women in the society and they played only minor roles as speakers or members of the executive committee -quite similar to the subordinate roles the female scientists often played in the laboratory. 

According to the rules of the Association of Danish Engineers, members had to have a formal training in engineering from either the Polytechnic College or Den kgl. militaere Hojskole (the Royal Military High School) Harnow (1998), 203. 

The introduction of the HBS in 1863 led to growing numbers of students who were better prepared for the Polytechnic College and the science faculties of the universities than before. It also boosted the labour market for teachers tremendously. Between 1863 and 1870 no less than 32 HBS schools were founded in the country, which meant, in principle, that there were 32 new teaching positions available in chemistry. " This was probably not much less than the total number of academic chemists in Holland in 1863. ... 

On the history of Delft Polytechnic College and the training of technologists/chemical engineers in particular, see Eijdman Jr. (1906) Nieuwenburg (1955). 

As a result of their mutual consensus on a broad chemical society, Jorissen, Reicher and Rutten drafted a proposal which contained the basic principles of the scope, aims and working rules of the new society, and sent this text in 1902 to all professors of chemistry and pharmacy of the four Dutch universities and the Polytechnic College. When in November 1902 these draft statutes were made public for the first time - in the Tijdschrift - Jorissen and his friends clearly tried to enrol the joint group of professors for their purposes. Until now , they wrote, we received replies from all [professors], except two, with remarks and comments, as solicited. From these rephes it appeared to us, that in general there is sympathy for our plan among the professors. ... 

On several occasions, the NCV wrote addresses to parliament or government on issues that were relevant to the chemical profession. An early example is an address from February or March 1905 on the new law on Higher Education. This was, as we have seen above, a very sensitive issue that divided the professors of the universities and the Polytechnic College at Delft. The NCV, therefore, steered a middle course, and included those issues in the address on which the professors of both types of institutions agreed the HBS should give access to university studies in chemistry and pharmacy, and chemistry students should be allowed to shift halfway through their studies from a university to Delft, and vice versa. ... 

Department of Chemistry, Maseno University, Kenya Department of Physical Sciences, Kisumu Polytechnic College, Kisumu, Kenya... 

Mohamed M. Soumanou, Assistant Professor, Polytechnic College University, Research Laboratory for Applied Chemistry and Biology (LARECBA), Abomey-Calavi University, 01 BP 2009, Cotonou, Benin... 

Vilhelm Storch (1837-1918), who graduated from the Polytechnical College in 1861, worked on the acidification of cream. He investigated those strains of lactic acid bacteria that gave particular qualities of taste and odour. This resulted in production of pure cultures of lactic acid bacteria from 1893. 

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