Sun radiation

The sun radiates approximately as a blackbody, with an effective temperature of about 6000 K. The total solar flux is 3.9 x 10 W. Using Wien s law, it has been found that the frequency of maximum solar radiation intensity is 6.3 x 10 s (X = 0.48 /rm), which is in the visible part of the spectrum 99% of solar radiation occurs between the frequencies of 7.5 X 10 s (X = 4/um) and 2 x 10 s (X = 0.15/um) and about 50% in the visible region between 4.3 x 10 s (X = 0.7 /rm) and 7.5 X 10 s (X = 0.4 /Ltm). The intensity of this energy flux at the distance of the earth is about 1400 W m on an area normal to a beam of solar radiation. This value is called the solar constant. Due to the eccentricity of the earth s orbit as it revolves around the sun once a year, the earth is closer to the sun in January (perihelion) than in July (aphelion). This results in about a 7% difference in radiant flux at the outer limits of the atmosphere between these two times. 

Under indoor conditions, wind rate is lower than outdoors [25], In this way, outdoor conditions promotes a fast surface diying due to the influence of air and sun radiation, and also a more frequent surface wetness thicker water layers due to rainfall, factors almost nonexistent in indoor conditions. Another factor nonexistent in indoor conditions is the washing effect on the metallic surface by precipitations. 

These sources are direction radiation from the sun, radiation scattered by gases and particles, and radiation reflected from the earth s surface. 

Bob speaks into the flexscreen, Brunhilde, show solar spectrum, and the screen displays figure 2.3. Our Sun emits a wide spectrum of radiation that peaks in the yellow range of the spectrum. On the flexscreen, you see a radiation curve for the Sun and the wavelengths at which the Sun radiates most intensely. ... 

Miss Muxdroozol stares at the screen. It looks like the Sun radiates intensely in the visible range, but a lot of the energy is radiated at wavelengths we can t see (figure 2.4). 

That s correct. Incidentally, by computing the area under the curve, you can estimate the total amount of energy the Sun radiates. Now I have a formula for you. We can calculate the wavelength lambda-max at which any star emits the greatest amount of radiation. Brunhilde, display radiation formula. On the flexscreen appears ... 

We also can predict the total energy a blackbody emits. According to the Stefan-Boltzmann radiation law formulated in 1879 by Austrian physicist Josef Stefan and derived in 1889 by Austrian physicist Ludwig Boltzmann, the amount of energy emitted is proportional to the fourth power of the temperature of the object. A star that is the same size and four times as hot as our Sun radiates 44 or 256 times more energy than the Sun. A spherical blackbody (like a star) will produce a luminosity, I, that depends on the star s surface area times the fourth power of its temperature. We ll discuss this further in chapter 5. We ll also discuss in more detail how the chemical composition of the stellar atmosphere can affect the appearance of certain giant stars. 

Man is a microcosm inseparable from his macrocosmic environment. The Sun has always been considered the source of all life and light in our system. The Sun radiates out the planets absorb what they need then radiate the excess. 

Water is a strange creature. It is the only substance on our planet that exists in solid, liquid and gaseous states at the same time under the normal range of temperatures and pressures we experience. As mentioned earlier, the Sun radiates the vital energies throughout our Solar System. This Universal Fire of life is one of the alchemist s Secret Fires. As this spiritual fire hits our atmosphere, it condenses in the air and is carried by it. As the air fills with moisture, the Universal Fire condenses even further and moves into the water. The water gathers and it starts to rain. 

GEMMA IRIS — (1) Iris is a Sexangular Stone, of white colour, which, under the rays of the sun, radiates like a rainbow (2) Manufactured Iris in imitation of the true stone. It is made of the stone called Brontia, which is white and polished. Item Translucent Yellow Fluors such as I have seen at our jewellers. 

The sun radiates 3.9 X 1023 J of energy into space every second. What is the rate at which mass is lost from the sun ... 

Sun radiation and the presence of nitrogen oxides and hydrocarbons lead through complex chemical reactions to aggressive reaction products. Ozone is the most important reaction product. Nitrogen oxides alone do not cause high ozone... 

Figure 27 shows the evolution of UV-visible spectra of wastewater with treatment. The choice of considering the visible region for this application is related to the phenomena involved in this type of extensive treatment. In addition to the biodegradation process occurring either in suspended biomass or in sediments, the design of basins of weak depth allows working with direct or indirect sun radiation effects. In contrast to the other processes, the evolution of spectra shows an increase of absorbance for the whole spectrum, but is limited to the first steps. This is due to the existence of suspended... 

The sun radiates vast quantities of energy as a consequence of the nuclear fusion reaction of to... 

It is also important to consider that the color of a material affects its absorption of infrared radiation when the material is exposed to sun radiation. Figure 3.23 shows that the darker the color the more extensive the absorption and the higher the temperature. The temperature of products has many further implications on its performance, such as degradation, flexibility, change of shape, mechanical strength, creep, chemical resistance, etc. 

The Sun radiates energy into space at the rate of 3.9 X 10 J/s. (a) Calculate the rate of mass loss from the Sun in kg/s. (b) How does this mass loss arise (c) It is estimated that the Sun contains 9 X 10 free protons. How many protons per second are consumed in nuclear reactions in the Sun ... 

---