Ludwig Boltzmann

Manhattan Project government project dedicated to creation of an afomic weapon direcfed by General Leslie Groves 

The constant h is Planck s constant. With this theory Bohr combined the atomic model of Rutherford with existing quantum theory, and he made it clear that classical physics was not sufficient to describe atoms or their behaviors. At first the Bohr theory was a theory that explained the behavior of hydrogen atoms. In the years to come he extended the theory to encompass all elements and to provide an explanation of the Periodic Table. The Bohr radius (52.9 X 10 m) and the Bohr magneton (9.27 X J/T) are today used as units of measure. In 1922 Bohr received the Nobel Prize in physics. 

Bohr deduced the correspondence principle A quantum description of atoms must tend to the classical description for larger dimensions. He also deduced the complementarity principle There are interactions between objects and the instruments used to observe them. Using the complementarity principle he concluded that there is always a limit to the abihty of scientists to observe (and to know) atoms. With this concept he acquired an influence beyond the world of physics. 

In 1950 Bohr wrote an open letter to the United Nations warning of the horrors of nuclear war. In 1955 he organized the first Atoms for Peace Conference. Niels Bohr was one of the greatest scientists of the twentieth century, see also Rutherford, Ernest Thomson, Joseph John. 

WilUam (1993). The Norton History of Chemistry. New York Norton. 

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Boltzmann, Ludwig. "On the Necessity of Atomic Theories in Physics." TheMonist 12 (1901) 6579. 

BOLTZMANN, LUDWIG (1844-1906). Boltzmann was born in Vi enna, He was a great dieoretical physicist and is known for his contributions to mathematical analyses of physical phenomena, and to the kinetic theory of gases, especially in regard to viscosiLv and diffusion. 

Berthollet, Claude-Louis Berzelius, Jons Jakob Black, Joseph Bohr, Niels Boltzmann, Ludwig Boyle, Robert Bragg, William Henry Bragg, William Lawrence Bronsted, Johannes Nicolaus Bunsen, Robert... 

Boltzmann, Ludwig. (1844-1906). Bom in Vienna, Boltzmann was interested primarily in physical chemistry and thermodynamics. His work has importance for chemistry because of his development of the kinetic theory of gases and the rules governing their viscosity and diffusion. The mathematical expression of his most important generalizations is known as Boltzmann s law, still regarded as one of the cornerstones of physical science. 

Boltzmann, Ludwig (1905). On the Trip of a German Professor into El Dorado. In Ludwig Boltzmann His Later Life and Philosophy, 1900-1906, ed. John Black-more (1995). Boston Kluwer Academic Publishers. 

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