Sulphones Polysulphones

The sodium salt of sulphonated polysulphone Na-SPS was obtained by reaction of polysulphone resin (P-1700 or P-3500) with chlorosulphonic acid in 1,2-dichloroethane ( ). This was followed by dissolution in dimethyl formamide, precipitation in 10% NaCl, and rinsing with large voliunes of water until the washings were free of NaCl. 

Bauminger et al. 0,40 find a spectrum at 4 K composed of doublets A and B for Nafion 110 equilibrated with a methanol solution of FeCl3. Parameters were the same as for the aqueous exchanges, but the intensity ratio was somewhat different. These authors have also examined Redcat poly(ethylene sulphonic acid) and sulphonated polysulphone membranes where they again find two doublets, but A has QS = 0.60(3) mm/s. 

Membranes from various manufacturers A, Hollosep-cellulose triacetate hollow fibre membrane (Toyobo) B, sulphonated polysulphone composite hollow fibre membrane (Albane International) C, BlO-aromatic polyamide hollow fibre membrane (Du Pont) D, PEC-1000-composite flat-sheet membrane (foray) E, NS-200-composite polyfurfuryl alcohol membrane F, FT-30-composite polyamide flat-sheet membrane (Film Tec/Dow) G,... 

SPPSU/HAp n/a 9 wt% n/a n/a Sulphonated polysulphone (SPPSU) spontaneous precipitation of HAp in aqueous suspensions of the polymer particles [103]... 

Spanos N, Deimede V, Koutsoukos PG (2002) Functionalization of synthetic polymers for potential use as biomaterials selective growth of hydroxyapatite on sulphonated polysulphone. Biomaterials 23 947-953... 

I., Di Marco, G., and Passalacqua, E. (2008) Sulphonated polysulphone membranes for medium temperature in polymer electrolyte fuel cells (PEFC). Polymer Testing, 27 (2),... 

The simplest aromatic polysulphone, poly-(p-phenylene sulphone) (formula I of Table 21.3) does not show thermoplastic behaviour, melting with decomposition above 500°C. Hence in order to obtain a material capable of being processed on conventional equipment the polymer chain is made more flexible by incorporating ether links into the backbone. 

The Ar and/or Ar group(s) will contain sulphone groups and if Ar = Ar then identical products may be obtained by the two routes. Polyetherification processes form the basis of current commercial polysulphone production methods. These will be discussed further below. 

A consequence of the reaction is that it is possible to produce a range of polymers by reacting bisphenates with appropriately activated aromatic dihalides. In the case when the dihalide is activated by the presence of a sulphone —SO,— group the polymers may be referred to as polysulphones. The Amoco materials are prepared in this way. 

A range of polysulphones has been prepared with a variety of bis-phenols other than bis-phenol A. As might be expected from the discussion in Chapter 4 and from experience with the range of polycarbonates (Chapter 20), replacement of the isopropylidene link with a methylene, sulphide or oxygen link depresses the Tg whilst —C(CgH5)2— and sulphone links raise it. The bis-phenol derived from norcamphor leads to a polysulphone with a Tg of 250°C (195°C for a Udel-type polymer). 

Sulphones - see also Acetoxysulphones, /1-Acyloxysulphones, a-Alkoxysulphones, a-Aminosulphones, Azidosulphones, Azosulphones, Azoxysulphones, co-Cyanosulphones, Dialkoxysulphones, a-Diazosulphones, Disulphones, Episulphones, Epoxysulphones, a-Halosulphones, Hydroxysulphones, / -Iminosulphones, Ketosulphones, a-Lithiosulphones, a-Nitrosulphones, /1-Oxosulphones, Poly(olefin suphonejs, Polysulphones, y-Siloxysulphones, Tetrahalosulphones, Trisulphones addition reactions of 642-649, 774-809 alkadienyl - see Alkadienyl sulphones alkenyl - see Alkenyl sulphones alkyl aryl - see Alkyl aryl sulphones alkylthiomethyl - see Alkylthiomethyl sulphones... 

Polysulphone is obtained by condensation of bisphenolA and dichlorodiphenyl sulphone as under ... 

Modification of Polymers. One way to solve the problem of finding good polymers for membranes is to make modifications of the chemical structure of the polymer. Sulphonation for instance of polysulphone (19) is a well known example of how a hydrophobic polymer can be modified to a hydrophilic polymer with charged groups. Other attemps have been made, for instance to modify cellulose acetate by putting charged positive groups in the form of quaternary ammonium into the polymer (20). 

A polysulphone prepared from bisphenol A and 4,4 -dichlorodiphenyl-sulphone... 

These materials, the polymeric sulphones, also come into the category of hexavalent sulphur compounds and are derivatives of sulphonic acids. The photochemistry and the radiation chemistry of these substances have been reviewed in a variety of texts. Thus the radiation chemistry was reviewed in considerable detail in 1988147. Other texts have reviewed photodegradation and photooxidation of polymers in general with some reference to the polysulphones149. It appears that polysulphones have low thermal stability and as a result have failed to undergo commercial utilization149. 

Polysulphone (P-1700 and P-3500 from AMOCO) PVP (K-30 from BASF) and poly(ether sulphone) (VICTREX 4800P from ICI). 

Polyphenylene Polyether sulphide ether/refone Polyphthalamide Polyimide Polyether-sulphone/ polyoryl-Polysulphone sulphone Liquid crystal Polyetherimide polymer ... 

Polysulphones The polysulphone family of polysulphone (PSU) and polyether sulphone (PES) is a TP based on sulphone derivatives, aiming at high heat-stability. PSU originated in the discovery of a method of producing high molecular weight aromatic polyethers. 

Hemodialysis units are usually hoUow-fibre devices with a membrane area of 0.5-1.5 m. The classical membrane material is regenerated cellulose, closest to the natural material. Other membranes include polyether sulphone (PES) and polysulphone (PS), which are made somewhat hydrophilic by blending with PVP, a necessary requirement to address the problems of biocompatibUity and fouhng by proteins [39]. The membranes are asymmetric (10—100 pm thick) with a narrow pore size distribution and the pore diameter less than 10 nm [17]. 

Polysulphone, Its chemical construction is illustrated in Fig. 1.3. A transparent thermoplastic in its original form. Service temperature of its products is up to about 150 °C. Resistant to hydrolysis (e. g. in repeated heat sterilization). Examples of applications transparent components of medical tools and instruments, electric switches, electronic parts. The industrial polysulphone is poly(ether-sulphone). Trade names Mindel (USA), Udel (USA). 

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