Sulfur mustards Mustard gas

Sulfur mustard Mustard gas, Kampfstoff Yperite, 2,2 -Dichlorodiethyl sulfide... 

Sulfur mustard (mustard gas) remains one of the CW agents of greatest concern because of its ease of production, favorable physicochemical properties, and potent vesicant action. It is a bifunctional alkylating agent, which reacts rapidly under physiological conditions with nucleophilic sites in proteins and DNA to form covalent adducts, via an intermediate episulfonium ion (see Figure 1). In the sections below, the various adducts (as unambiguously elucidated in recent years by mass spectrometry) are addressed, and methods for their analysis are discussed. 

Physical Properties Sulfur mustard (mustard gas) is a colorless oil with bp of 227°C, mp of 14°C, molecular dipole moment 1.78 D (hexane), and molecular mass of 159. It normally is encountered as an impure, pale yellow-brown, odoriferous liquid. The color generally deepens with increasing amounts of impurity. HD has a vapor density of 5.4 relative to air and a vapor pressure of 0.072 mm Hg at 20°C. As a liquid, it is slightly denser than water (1.27 g/mL at 20°C). It is miscible in typical organic solvents (e.g., carbon tetrachloride, acetone or chloroform) but has a lower solubility in water (0.092 g/100 g at 22°C) (Sidell et al., 1998 Somani, 1992). 

Sulfur mustard (mustard gas (H)) Bis(2-chloroethyl)sulfide CUM lOOg X ... 

Blister agents, which cause burns on the skin such as sulfur mustard gas, l,l -thiobis[2-chloroethane] (HD), and lewisite, (2-chloroethenyl) arsenous dichloride (L). 

Emad A, Rezaian GR The diversity of the effects of sulfur mustard gas inhalation on respiratory system 10 years after a single, heavy exposure. Analysis of 197 cases. Chest 112(3) 734-738, 1997... 

Yamakido, M., Y. Nishimoto, T. Shigenobu, K. Onari, C.Satoh, K. Goriki and M. Fujita. 1985. Study of the genetic effects of sulfur mustard gas on former workers on Okuno-jima poison gas factory and their offspring. Hiroshima J. Med. Sci. 24 311-322. 

Stengl, V., Marikova, M., Bakardjieva, S., Subrt, J., Oplustil, F., Olsanka, M. (2005). Reaction of sulfur mustard gas, soman and agent VX with nanosized anatase Ti02 and ferrihydrite. J. Chem. Tech. Biotech. 80(7) 754-8. 

Emad, A., Emad, Y. (2007a). Comparison of bronchial responsiveness to ultrasonically nebulized distilled water (UNDW), methacholine, and ultrasonically nebulized distilled cold water (UDCW) in patients with sulfur mustard gas-induced asthma. Clin. Toxicol. 45 565-70. 

Illig, L., Paul, E., Eyer, P., Weger, N., Bom, W. (1979). Treatment of psoriasis vulgaris with external sulfur mustard gas with particular reference to its potential carcinogenic risk. III. Clinical and experimental studies on the extent of percutaneous and inhalational uptake of sulfur mustard gas. Z Hautkr. 54 941-51. 

SYNS BIS(P-CHLOROETHYL)SULFIDE BIS(2-CHLOROETHYL)SULPHIDE l-CHLORO-2-(p-CHLOROETHYLTHIO)ETHANE P.P-DICHLOR-ETHYDSULPHIDE D 2,2 -DICHLORODIETHYL SULFIDE DI-2-CHLOROETHYL SULFIDE D P,P -DICHLOROETHYL SULFIDE 2,2 -DICHLOROETHYL SULPHIDE (MAK) DISTILLED MUSTARD KAMPSTOFF LOST MUSTARD GAS MUSTARD HD MUSTARD VAPOR SCHWEFEL-LOST S-LOST S MUSTARD SULFUR MUSTARD SULFUR MUSTARD GAS SULPHUR MUSTARD GAS 1,1 -TH10BIS(2-CHLOROETHANE) YELLOW CROSS LIQUID YPERITE... 

Common Name(s) Distilled Mustard, Kampfstoff "Lost", Mustard HD, Mustard Vapor, Mustard Sulfur, S Mustard, S-Lost, S-Yperite, Schwefel-Lost, Sulfur Mustard, Sulfur Mustard Gas, Sulphur Mustard, Sulphur Mustard Gas, Yellow Cross Liquid, Yperite... 

Emad, A. and Rezaian, G.R. (1999). Immunoglobulins and cellular constituents of the BAL fluid of patients with sulfur mustards gas-induced pulmonary fibrosis. Chest 115, 1346-51. 

It is important to realize that, other than industrial standards (i.e., TWAs and IDLHs), the doses listed in this handbook were developed for military operations and are not appropriate for use in determining acceptable exposure of civilians. In fact, die current levels are actually offensive concentrations that must be established in an aggressive action in order to facilitate the desired impacts rather than defensive concentrations used to protect allied soldiers. The U.S. Army is currently developing defensive exposure limits for most of the common nerve agents and for sulfur mustard gas. Proposals for these exposure limits are included in the Agent Index. They are located below the current lethal levels and are identified by placing brackets around the proposed [defensive exposure limits].118... 

Davison C, Rozman RS and Smith PK (1961). Metabolism of bis-p-chloroethyl sulfide (sulfur mustard gas). Biochem Pharmacol, 7, 65-74. 

S-Yperite Schwefel-lost Senfgas Sulfide, bis(2-ohloroethyl) Sulfur mustard Sulfur mustard gas Sulphur mustard Sulphur mustard gas 1,1 -Thiobis 2-chloroethane) UN 2927 Yellow cross liquid Yellow Cross Gas Yperite. Used as a military poison gas. Inactivated by sodium or calcium hypochlorite. Gas mpn 13-14° bp = 216°, bpio = 98° d - 1.2741 LDso (rat iv) = 3.3 mg/kg. 

Sulfated tall oil, sodium salt 3614 Sulfur mustard gas 2592... 

Abolghasemi, H., Radfar, M.H., Rambod, M., et al, 2010. Childhood physical abnormalities following paternal exposure to sulfur mustard gas in Iran a case-control study. Confl. Health 4,13-20. 

Dayhimi, L, Bahar, K., Eliasy H., 1988. The effect of sulfur mustard gas (SMG) on the immune system The First International Medical Congress on Chemical Warfare Agents in Iran. Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran, June 13-16, No. 12. 

The chemical destruction of pure sulfur mustard gas by reaction with a methyl alcoholic solution of sodium hydroxide is represented in part by the following equations ... 

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