Sulfur cost analysis

Knoche, K.F. et al, Second law and cost analysis of the oxygen generation step of the general atomic sulfur-iodine cycle, in Proc. 5th World Hydrogen Energy Conf, Toronto, 2, 487, July, 1984. 

A discussion of the heat evolved in this important sulfonation was presented earlier in this chapter. The merits of other sulfonating agents employed in this process (98 per cent acid, 100 per cent acid, 22 per cent oleum, and sulfur trioxide) have previously been reviewed. Operation on a semicontinuous basis is discussed in the previous section. Much additional detailed information is available in the references cited on auxiliary equipment used, alternate materials of construction, physical properties of the starting materials, intermediates, and final products, energy requirements, etc. The quantity of added diluting water can also be varied spent acid more dilute than 78 per cent separates more rapidly, but is much more con-osive. A cost analysis for this process is given in/Table 7-14. 

In the Westinghouse sulfuric acid hybrid cycle shown in Fig. 2-10 (see also appendix A.3.2.), HTGR heat will be used for the H2SO4 decomposition step. Both high-temperature and electric steps have been experimentally investigated at the Research Center Julich. The above hybrid cycle has undergone a detailed balance and cost analysis already in a plant design based on nuclear power [8]. 

Cost Fa.ctors, The dehvered costs of the phosphate rock and sulfuric acid raw materials often account for more than 90% of the cost of producing NSP, thus the production cost varies considerably with plant location. Because the rock is richer in P2O5 than is the low analysis NSP product, NSP need not be produced near the phosphate mine. However, deUvery of sulfuric acid and shipment of product to market are important cost factors. Most United States NSP plants have been located east of the Mississippi river, with concentration in the southeastern and extreme southern parts of the country where the largest use of the product has occurred. Production and use of the product also has been high in California. 

Further studies are needed to give better dose-response information and to provide a frequency distribution of the population response to oxidants alone and in combination with other pollutants at various concentrations. Such studies should include the effects of mixed pollutants over ranges corresponding to the ambient atmosphere. With combinations of ozone and sulfur dioxide, the mixture should be carefully characterized to be sure of the effects of trace pollutants on sulfate aerosol formation. The design of such studies should consider the need to use the information for cost-benefit analysis and for extrapolation from animals to humans and from small groups of humans to populations. Recent research has indicated the possibility of human a ptation to chronic exposure to oxidants. Further study is desirable. 

This paper results from work completed in 1979 (and updated in 1980) to evaluate the emerging supply/demand, cost/price outlook for the fertilizer commodities phosphate rock, upgraded phosphates, sulfur, and sulfuric acid. Our purpose here is to publish, in part, our analysis of recent trends and events which impact on sulfur supply and demand, and to use these together with available production cost data to project price behavior for sulfur over the near term. Such projections are helpful to managers of large industrial firms as one of several tools available to them in making investment, contract, marketing, or other major decisions. This paper is necessarily limited in scope, and will attempt to summarize the world outlook with emphasis on the North American scene. 

The MS technique is the most appropriate method for on-line gas analysis because of its low cost, easy data handling, and simple maintenance. It offers high selectivity, fast and simultaneous detection of a number of gases, and the ability to quickly analyze very small samples. M/z 02,15,16,18,28,34 (hydrogen sulfide), 44, 55,57, 64,76, 78, 84, 85, and 94 were routinely detected during FTP. M/z 02,18,28, 30,44,60,64 (sulfur dioxide), and 80 were routinely detected during PTO. 

Two low-cost policies can jump-start this shift a renewable portfolio standard (rps) and a cap on co2 emissions in the electricity sector. An rps that requires 20 percent of U.S. electricity to be renewable by 2020 has very little net cost to the country and the huge benefit of reducing future natural gas prices.4 Under such an rps, electricity prices would be lower in 2020 than they are today, according to a 2001 study by the Energy Information Administration.5 Caps on electric utility emissions of sulfur dioxide, oxides of nitrogen, and mercury have been proposed by many policy makers because they will dramatically improve air quality and save the lives of tens of thousands of Americans. Analysis by the epa has shown that a relatively modest additional cap on grid co2 emissions—returning to 2001 levels by 2013—would add a mere two-tenths of a penny per kilowatt-hour in 2020, about 3 percent of electricity costs.6... 

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