Sulfonic leachates

Suter, M. J.-F., S. Riediker, and W. Giger, Selective determination of aromatic sulfonates in landfill leachates and groundwater using microbore liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry , Anal. Chem., 71, 897-904 (1999). 

Table 6.4 Aromatic carboxylic and sulfonic acids identified in a leachate sample by LC - thermospray-MS. Reprinted from Benfenati, E., Pierucci, P., Fanelli, R., Preiss, A., Godejohann, M., Astratov M., Levsen, K. and Barcelo, D., J. Chromatogr., A, 831, 243-256, copyright (1999) with permission of Elsevier Science. 

Chlorine-mediated electrolysis has also been used efficiently for the treatment of real wastewater such as landfill leachate (Chiang et al. 1995 Vlyssides et al. 2003), textile effluents (Lin and Chen 1997 Vlyssides et al. 2000 Yang et al. 2000 Iniesta et al. 2002), olive oil wastewater (Israilides et al. 1997 Panizza and Cerisola 2006c), industrial effluent containing aromatic sulfonated acids (Panizza et al. 2000), and tannery wastewaters (Vlyssides and Israilides 1997 Szpyrkowicz et al. 2001 Panizza and Cerisola 2004a). 

Suter et al. [73] developed an LC-MS method based on the in-source CID of the aromatic sulfonates a loss of SOj and the formation of the radical ion are observed. Absolute detection limits were 1 ng, similar to UV detection. Unlike UV detection, LC-MS provides a similar response for benzene and naphthalene sulfonates. The method was applied to landfill leachates, and allowed the identification of an unknown aromatic sulfonic acid. 

The Stringfellow Superfund site in California poses analytical problems similar to those encountered with most waste sites across the United States and that may be best addressed via LC/MS based methods. Most of the organic compounds in aqueous leachates from this site cannot be characterized by GC/MS based methods. Analysis of Stringfellow bedrock groundwater shows that only 0.78% of the total dissolved organic materials are identifiable via purge and trap analysis (IQ). These are compounds such as acetone, trichloroethylene etc, whose physical properties are ideally suited for GC/MS separation and confirmation. Another 33% of the dissolved organic matter is characterized as "unknown", i.e., not extractable from the aqueous samples under any pH conditions and thus not analyzed via GC. Another 66% is 4-chlorobenzene sulfonic acid (PCBSA), an extremely polar and water soluble compound that is also not suitable for GC analysis. This compound, a waste product from DDT manufacture, is known to occur at this site because of the history of disposal of "sulfuric acid waste from industrial DDT synthesis. 

Kim, 1. S., Sasinos, F. 1., Stephens, R. D., and Brown, M. A., Anion-exchange chromatography particle beam mass spectrometry for the characterization of aromatic sulfonic acids as the major organic pollutants in leachates from StringfeUow, California, Environ. Sci. Technol, 24,1832-1836, 1990. 

Panizza M, Zolezzi M, Nicolella C (2006) Biological and electrochemical oxidation of naphthalene sulfonates in a contaminated site leachate. J Chem Technol Biotechnol 81 225-232... 

A characteristic example for a successful coupling of an ion chromatograph to a mass spectrometer via a particle-beam interface is described by Hsu [114] who analyzed aromatic sulfonic acids in leachates. Hsu used an OmniPac PAX-500 multimode phase in the microbore format to separate the sulfonic acids. The compounds of interest were eluted with a mixture of NaOH and acetonitrile... 

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