Sulfones acidity of

The water-soluble sulfonic acids of copper phthalocyanine are produced by heating phthalocyanines in oleum. By varying the reaction conditions, one to four hydrogen atoms can be substituted. A maximum one sulfo group is introduced per isoindoline unit.335... 

This class includes the aluminum salts of some carboxylic acids or sulfonic acids of polycyclic dyes. 

The sulfonic acids of these metallocenes can be converted to sulfonyl chlorides, sulfonamides, etc., by appropriate reagents. Reduction of ferrocene-sulfonyl chloride by lithium aluminum hydride produces the rapidly oxidized ferrocenethiol in quantitative yield (43). Both the sulfonic acid of cyclopentadienylmanganese tricarbonyl and the corresponding sulfinic acid (obtained by sodium sulfite reduction of the sulfonic acid) have been converted to sulfones (10). 

Acid Magenta. A mixt of di sulfonic and tri-sulfonic acids of pararosaniline, used as a dye or stain. Was proposed for coating crystsof AN to render them non-hygroscopic and thus make them more suitable for use in expls, propellants and fertilizers. Quantities as low as 0,01-0.03% proved to be sufficient for effective waterproofing... 

Thiophene is very easily sulfonated 95% H2SO4 at 30-40 °C converts it to the 2-sulfonic acid in a few minutes. Thiophene-2-sulfonyl chloride can be easily prepared by the action of chlorosulfonic acid on thiophene. Mono- and di-sulfonic acids of thiophene have been prepared by sulfonating thiophene with S03 or pyridine-sulfur trioxide (63AHCd)t). Sulfon-ation of 2-methyl-3,5-di-t-butylthiophene gives 2-methyl-5-t-butylthiophene-3-sulfonic acid (63AHC(l)l). However, 2,5-di-r-butylthiophene is monosulfonated normally at the 3-position (63AHC(l)l) under forcing conditions 2-(-butylthiophene-3,5-disulfonic acid is obtained. 

The strychnine and brucine sulfonic acids, which probably contain a sulfonic acid group on a carbon a to Nb, are oxidized to products which correspond to sulfonic acids of the Ci6 and C17 acids (117, 118). 

The most convenient method for preparation of 2,3-dimethylbutadiene involves the dehydration of pinacol. Many catalysts have been used, among them hydrobromic,1 hydriodic,1 and sulfuric acids 2,3,4 sulfonic acids of the benzene5 and naphtha-... 

The 1,6- and 1,7-naphthylaminesulfonic acids have long been very important as components for azo dyes, particularly as the middle component in polyazo dyes. They are used in the preparation of the important black cotton dyes of the type of Columbia black FF, and also of a whole series of developed dyes, such as the important naphthogene blue, Zambesi black V, and others. Sulfonic acids of this type are also frequently used in preparing dyes of the Sirius blue series (Bayer). 

SULFONIC ACIDS OF NAPHTHALENE (b) Z-Amino-8-naphthol-6-tulfonic Acid (Gamma Acid)... 

One part of gallamine blue is heated to 50° C. on a water bath with 6 parts of sodium bisulfite solution (25 per cent SO2) until the evolution of sulfur dioxide ceases (about 1 hour). The mixture is then heated for 1 to 3 days at 85° until the mixture has become gray green. The resulting product is the sulfonic acid of the leuco compound (perhaps complex sulfonate) which, with chromium acetate, gives brilliant and fast marine blue shades on wool. It can also be used in cotton printing, but is not as important for this use as the related dye, modern violet. 

Nowack, R. unpublished results, Univ. Marburg 1962 The sulfonic acid of 1,3,5-triphenyl-... 

Sulfonic acids of simple 1,3,4-thiadiazoles appear not to have been prepared. The dipotassium salt of the 2,5-disulfonic acid was synthesized as early as 1899 by Busch and Ziegele by oxidation of the dipotassium salt of 2,5-dimercapto-l,3,4-thiadiazole with potassium permanganate. In the same way Petri and Glemser prepared 5-hydroxy-2,2 -azo-l,3,4-thiadiazole-5 -sulfonic acid dipotassium salt (125) from 2,2 -azo-l,3,4-thiadiazoline-5(4)-thione (76). 

Zeidan et al. [16] incorporated arylsulfonic acid and alkylthiol groups into mes-oporous silica by a cocondensation method, where 2-(4-chlorosulfonylphenyl)-ethyl-trimethoxysilane and 3-mercaptotrimethoxysilane were added to tetraethyl orthosilicate, forming a mesoporous silica (SBA-15) material via a sol-gel process (Fig. 23.4a). The resulting catalysts exhibited far greater activity and selectivity than materials containing only the acid. These randomly distributed catalysts achieved in the best case a per site yield (defined as moles of product per mole of sulfonic acid) of 82 and a 95% selectivity for bisphenol A, compared to a per site yield of 18 and 58% selectivity for bisphenol A when using homogeneous sulfonic acid alone. 

Introduction. It will be recalled that one of the most common methods of distinguishing between aromatic and aliphatic hydrocarbons is the difference in the rates of their reactions with sulfuric acid. Aromatic hydrocarbons readily form sulfonic acids when heated with concentrated sulfuric acid at temperatures varying from 80 to 200 . Saturated paraffin hydrocarbons, on the other hand, do not react with sulfuric acid under comparable conditions. A number of saturated paraffins are sulfonated directly by using fuming sulfuric acid and heating under pressure, but the sulfonic acids of the lower paraffin hydrocarbons are prepared by reacting alkyl halides with alkali sulfites. The sulfonic acids of the aromatic hydrocarbons are of much greater importance than the sulfonic acids of paraffins. 

The most important derivative employed in vat dye manufacture is the reduction product of 2-nitroanthraquinone, namely 2-aminoanthraquinone (61). It was formerly manufactured from the 2-sulfonic acid of anthraquinone, by reaction with ammonia in the presence of oxygen. However, sulfonation of anthraquinone requires mercury and the subsequent animation requires arsenic, making these processes ecologically unattractive. From the early 1970s, processes for direct nitration of anthraquinone at the 2-position, followed by reduction, were introduced, mainly as a result of research in Japan45,46. 

Derivation Anthracene is oxidized to anthraqui-none, the sulfonic acid of which is then fused with caustic soda and potassium chlorate the melt is run into hot water and the alizarin precipitated with hydrochloric acid. Occurs naturally in madder root. 

Velikovskaya, E. M., and Shikhutskaya, G. M., Neftyanoe Khoz, 1935, No. 12, 62-4. White Oils Obtained by Treatment of the Distillates with Gaseous Sulfur Trioxide. (Sulfonic acids of high quality obtained.)... 

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