Sulfide compounds oxide nanoparticle sulfidization

Nanoparticles, especially those relevant in low-temperature environments, are often rather insoluble compounds (oxides, phosphates, sulfides), thus aggregation-based... 

Photocatalytic activity has also been observed with some of these compounds. For instance, titanium dioxide nanoparticles were able to degrade 2-chloroethyl sulfide (mustard) in liquid and gas phase, a series of warfare agents like diethyl sulfide, dimethyl methyl phosphonate, diethyl phosphoramidate, pinacolyl methyl-phosphonate, and butylaminoethanthiol, and pesticides such as lindane, methyl parathion, and dichlorvos upon exposure to ultraviolet light (Vigo and Thibodeaux, 2001 Sundarrajan et al., 2010). Zinc oxide nanoparticles were incorporated into polymers used to produce electrospun coating on cotton fabrics and provided them with photocatalytic-activated antimicrobial properties (Munoz-BonUla and Femandez-Garcia, 2012). 

The most intensive development of the nanoparticle area concerns the synthesis of metal particles for applications in physics or in micro/nano-electronics generally. Besides the use of physical techniques such as atom evaporation, synthetic techniques based on salt reduction or compound precipitation (oxides, sulfides, selenides, etc.) have been developed, and associated, in general, to a kinetic control of the reaction using high temperatures, slow addition of reactants, or use of micelles as nanoreactors [15-20]. Organometallic compounds have also previously been used as material precursors in high temperature decomposition processes, for example in chemical vapor deposition [21]. Metal carbonyls have been widely used as precursors of metals either in the gas phase (OMCVD for the deposition of films or nanoparticles) or in solution for the synthesis after thermal treatment [22], UV irradiation or sonolysis [23,24] of fine powders or metal nanoparticles. 

The synthesis of nanostructured inorganic materials by sonochemical had already been synthesized a large number of nanostructures of different compositions with comparable or better than the properties of the same when summed with other preparation methods. The versatility of this method also extends to the relative flexibility of reaction conditions such as the nature of the precursors and their solutions, the possibility of addition of auxiliaries, and the presence of traps (species immobilized) to the nanoparticles. All types of metallic nanostructured materials synthesized by sonochemical described (powders, colloids, or nanoparticles supported) can also be obtained for other classes of compounds such as oxides [58-60], sulfides [61], Suslick [20, 62], and more recently selenides [63, 64] and tellurides [65]. 

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