Sulfate transport

Langridge-Smith, J. E. and Field, M. (1981). Sulfate transport in rabbit ileum characterisation of the serosal border anion exchanger process, J. Membr. Biol., 63, 207-214. 

In this equation, C is the concentration of element i in pore water at depth z below the seafloor and A is a reaction (sink and source) term. For reactions involving the oxidation of organic matter, A can be evaluated independently. For constant porosity , the sulfate transport equation becomes... 

Condensation/evaporation Volatile inorganics G-P equilibrium Sulfate and organics transport Volatile inorganics G-P equilibrium Sulfate and organics transport H20 and C02 equilibrium Others transport Volatile inorganics G-P equilibrium Sulfate transport... 

M van de Kamp, E Pizzinini, A Vos, TR van der Lende, TA Schuurs, RW Newbert, G Turner, WN Konings, AJ Driessen. Sulfate transport in Penicillium chryso-... 

Lu YY, Yang JL. 1995. Long-term exposure to chromium(VI) oxide leads to defects in sulfate transport system in Chinese hamster ovary cells. J Cell Biochem 57 655-665. 

Chen H-C., Newton AJ. and Melis A. 2005. Role of SulP, a nuclear-encoded chloroplast sulfate permease, in sulfate transport and H2 evolution in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Photosynth. Res. 84, 289-296. 

Kinetic Modeling of Sulfate Transport in a Forest Soil... 

Understanding sulfate transport and retention dynamics in forest soils is a prerequisite in predicting S04 concentration in the soil solution and in lake and stream waters. In this study, forest soil samples from the Gardsjon catchments, Sweden, were used to study S04 transport in soil columns from the upper three soil horizons (E, Bs, and BC). The columns were leached using a sequential leaching technique. The input solutions were CaS04 equilibrated with forest floor material. Leaching behavior of S04 and concentration in the effluent were measured from columns from individual horizons. S04 was always retained in the Bs and BC horizons, while... 

Selenate readily competes with the uptake of sulfate and it has been proposed that both anions are taken up through a sulfate transporter in the root plasma membrane (Figure 16.3). Selenate uptake in other organisms, inclnding Escherichia coli and yeast, is also mediated by a sulfate transporter. Research with yeast enabled the first sulfate transporter genes to be cloned from plants. The approach was to select yeast with resistance to high concentrations of selenate as a means of isolating mntants defective in sulfate transport (Terry et al., 2000). 

Y He, Z., and Stoffells, P.J., Molecular mechanisms of heavy metal hyperaccumulation and phytoremediation, J. Trace Elem. Med. Biol. 18, 339-353, 2005 Mackenzie, S.A., Plant organellar protein targeting a traffic plan still under construction. Trends Cell Biol. 15, 548-554, 2005 Thompson, M.V., Phloem the long and the short of it. Trends Plant Sci. 11, 26-32, 2006 Takahashi, H., Yoshimoto, N., and Saito, K., Anionic nutrient transport in plants the molecular basis of the sulfate transporter gene family. Genet. Eng. 27, 67-80, 2006. 

Melis, A. and Chen, H.C., Chloroplast sulfate transport in green algae genes, proteins and effects, Photosynt. Res., 86, 299, 2005. 

Esko, J. D., Elgavtsh, A., Prasthofer, T Taylor, W, J1., and VV inke, J. L. (1986). Sulfate transport-deficient mutants of Chinese hairtster ovary cells, /. Biot. Chem. 261, 15725-15733. 

High affinity sulfate permease sulfate uptake is mediated by specific sulfate transporters Sullp and Sul2p, which control the concentration of endogenous activated sulfate intermediates... 

However, when considering uranium transport at the same site, we need to consider a different set of chemical reactions. Uranium is a trace component in groundwater. The consideration of the interactions between the chemical components, both in the aqueous phases and between the aqueous and solid phases, is different from sulfate, the major component. Uranium transport is most likely controlled by surface adsorption onto mineral surfaces. So the surface adsorption reactions that are safely ignored in the sulfate case are now important. Surface reactions concerning other trace metals, for example, Ni and Cd, are ignored in the sulfate transport case, but now they need to be included because of competitive adsorption. Furthermore, even though our concern is about a trace component, i.e., uranium, we need to know the major components of groundwater to study uranium transport because the iron oxide surface sites may be mostly occupied by sulfate at low / H. 

Examples showing that metal speciation is important to metal toxicity include arsenic, copper, selenium, and chromium. While ionic copper (Cu2+) and CuClj are highly toxic, Q1CO3 and Cu-EDTA have low toxicity (Morrison et al, 1989). Toxicity tests show that As(III) is about 50 times more toxic than As(VI). Trivalent chromium is much less toxic than hexavalent chromium, probably because Cr(VI) is much smaller and the chemical structure of chromate is similar to sulfate. A special channel already exists in biomembranes for sulfate transport. While modeling metal speciation is not always possible, and redox equilibrium is not achieved in all natural waters, geochemical modeling of equilibrium species distribution remains one of the methods of discerning metal speciation. 

Hastbacka, T., et al. 1994. The diastrophic dysplasia gene encodes a novel sulfate transporter positional cloning by fine-structure linkage disequilibrium mapping. Ceil 78 1073. 

Hawkesford MJ and Smith FW (1997) Molecular biology of higher plant sulfate transporters. In Cram WJ, De Kok Lj, Stulen I, Bmnhold C and Renneberg H, eds., Sulfur metabolism in higher plants, pp. 13-25. Backhuys Publishers, Leiden (Netherlands). 

Heiss S, Schaefer HJ, Haag-Kerwer A and Rausch T (1999) Cloning sulfur assimilation genes of Brassicajuncea I. Cadmium differentially affects the expression of a putative low-affinity sulfate transporter and isoform of ATP sulfurylase and APS reductase. Plant Mol Biol 39 847-857. 

Smith, I.K. Sulfate transport in cultured tobacco cells Plant Physiol. 55 (1975) 303-307. 

STAS Sulfate transporter and antisigma factor antagonist... 

Superti-Furga A, Rossi A, Steinmann B, Gitzelmann R. A chondrodysplasia family produced by mutations in the diastrophic dysplasia sulfate transporter gene genotype/phenotype correlations. Am J Med Genet 1996 63 144-147. 

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