Sulfate inhibition

The catalyst commonly used in this method is 5 wt % palladium supported on barium sulfate inhibited with quinoline—sulfur, thiourea, or thiophene to prevent reduction of the product aldehyde. A procedure is found in the Hterature (57). Suitable solvents are toluene, benzene, and xylene used under reflux conditions. Interestingly, it is now thought that Rosenmund s method (59) originally was successful because of the presence of sulfur compounds in the xylene used, since the need for an inhibitor to reduce catalyst activity was not described until three years later (60). 

Another report describing an approach to achieve alleviation of sulfur repression came from the Matsui research group. The dsz genes were cloned into a strain Rhodococcus sp. strain T09 under the promoter rrn of the strain T09 using a Rhodococcus-E. coli shuttle vector [214,215], This resulted in a strain which desulfurized DBT to 2-HBP in presence of sulfate, cysteine, or methionine. Similar approach was also used by Kurane to construct a gene expressing dszA-D enzymes, which eliminate the sulfate inhibition effects [216],... 

Marino R, Howarth RW, Chan F, Cole JJ, Likens GE (2003) Sulfate inhibition of molybdenum-dependent nitrogen fixation by planktonic cyanobacteria under seawater conditions a non-reversible effect. Hydrobiol 500 277-293... 

In vitro studies have shown that dextran sulfate inhibits HIV binding, replication and syncytium formation, probably because they interfere with the ionic interaction between cell surface components such as CD4 or sulfated polysaccharides and positively charged amino acids concentrated in the V3 region of HIV gpl20 [ 127-129]. Again, low molecular weight derivatives with... 

Li, Z., J.D. Carter, L.A. Dailey, and Y.C. Huang. 2004. Vanadyl sulfate inhibits NO production via threonine phosphorylation of eNOS. Environ. Health Persp. 112 201-6. 

Thompson, H.J., N.D. Chasteen, and L.D. Meeker. 1984. Dietary vanadyl (IV) sulfate inhibits chemically-induced mammary carinogenesis. Carcinogenesis 5 849-851. 

Sato, J., Denda, M., Nakanishi, J., Nomura, J., and Koyama, J., Cholesterol sulfate inhibits proteases that are involved in desquamation of stratum corneum, J. Invest. Dermatol., Ill, 189, 1998. 

Lamellarin a 20-sulfate inhibits integrase terminal cleavage activity with an IC50 of 16 pM and strand transfer activity with an IC50 of 16 pM and possesses a low toxicity with an LD50 of 274 pM whereas other sulfated lamellarins (lamellarin U 20-sulfate and lamellarin V 20-sulfate) were toxic in the 100 pM range and lamellarins T and N without the sulfate ester were more toxic. The site of action of lamellarin a 20-sulfate was mapped and it was postulated that it binds to a site composed of multiple integrase domains. 

Cheetham, J. J., Hpand, R. M., Andrews, M., and Flanagan, T. D. (1990). Cholesterol sulfate inhibits the fusion of Sendai virus to biological and model membranes. /. BieJ. Cfjcw. 265,12404-12409. 

The bacterial activities again point to the diversity of the OPA anhydrases. The OT strain JD100 is able to degrade soman, sarin, and dimebu, but not DFP. The bacterial activities reported to date all seem insensitive to ammonium sulfate inhibitions and have molecular weights above that of the hog kidney OPA anhydrase. 

Figure 6. Summary results of a simple Michaelis-Menton model of molybdenum uptake by plankton including the effect of sulfate inhibition. Isolines are in units ofpmol Mo p g Chi) h and are shown as a function of the sulfate and molybdate concentrations. The cloud labelled "lakes" represents the range of sulfate and molybdate concentrations for most freshwater lakes. "Low-Mo" refers to molybdenum-deficient, ultra-oligotrophic lakes such as Castle Lake and a variety of New-Zealand lakes. "High-Mo" refers to molybdenum-rich, eutrophic lakes such as Lake Donk. Pyramls Lake is. saline. Data for Baltic. seawater Include points for experimental additions of molybdenum ("Baltic- -Mo") and of sulfate ("Baltic-y.sulfate) (Howarth et al., I9H8).

Benzodiazepines undergo hydrolysis of the azomethine and amide groups by acid catalysis. Anionic surfactants such as sodium dodecyl sulfate inhibited hydrolysis of the... 

It is well known that dietary fat is not absorbed from the intestine unless it has been subjected to the action of pancreatic lipase [1], Previously, we found that basic proteins such as protamines, histones and purothionine inhibited the hydrolysis of triolein emulsified with phosphatidylcholine [2], The inhibition of hydrolysis of dietary fat may cause a decrease or delay in the intestinal absorption of fat and reduce blood chylomicron levels, an excess of which is known to induce obesity [3], Therefore, there was a possibility that inhibitory substances toward pancreatic lipase activity may prevent the onset of obesity induced by feeding a high fat diet to mice. Recently, we found that natural products such as tea saponin, platycodi radix saponin, chitin-chitosan and chondroitin sulfate inhibited the pancreatic lipase activity. In the following section, the anti-obesity effects of these natural products will be described in detail. 

As shown in Fig. (14), chondroitin sulfate inhibited the pancreatic lipase activity dose-dependently at the concentrations of 1-20 mg/ml in the assay system using triolein emulsified with phosphatidylcholine at 10 mg/ml it inhibited triolein hydrolysis by about 60%. On the other... 

Then, we attempted to examine the effects of chondroitin sulfate on palmitic acid and 2-monooleoylglycerol uptake into the brush border membrane vesicles of the rat small intestine in vitro. As shown in Fig. (15), chondroitin sulfate inhibited the incorporation of palmitic acid into... 

Neufeld, G. and Gospodarowicz, D. (1987) Protamine sulfate inhibits mitogenic activities of the extracellular matrix and fibroblast growth factor, but potentiates that of epidermal growth factor. J. Cell Physiol. 132 287-294. 

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