Sulfate biological

Steroid and bile acid sulfate Biological samples 1,2-dichloroethane CL, fluorimetry 0.5 pmol L- (CL), 25 pmol L-1 (fluorimetry) C-FIA membrane for phase separation ion pairing with lucigenin [483]... 

Different laboratories have different routine protocols to overcome this problem but whatever the processes employed, initial sample handling must minimise the loss or chemical alteration of important analytical parameters (e.g. reduction of sulfates, biological breakdown of nitrates, volatilisation of As, Sb, Hg and volatile organic parameters). 

When acid sulfate soils are flooded, reduced Fe can combine with sulfide and form insoluble compounds, finally resulting in mineral formation (see Chapters 3 and 10 for details). Pyrite formation can also occur in swamp sediments. When oxygen is introduced into these systems by draining, sulfides are oxidized to sulfates biologically. This lowers the pH. The pH of these soils can drop as low as 3.0, where Thiobacillus may not function. These soils are also called cat clays—predominant in most of the coastal areas of the world. 

Lippiello L. Glucosamine and chondroitin sulfate biological response modifiers of chondrocytes under simulated conditions of joint stress. Osteoarthr Cartil. 2003 11 335-42. 

Some esters of inorganic acids such as dimethyl sulfate are used as reagents m syn thetic organic chemistry Certain naturally occurring alkyl phosphates play an important role m biological processes... 

Sulfur deficiency usually is not a problem for mminants because the mminal microflora can utilize sulfur-containing amino acids. A deficiency can occur, however, when an NPN source is fed. L-Methionine [63-68-3] is the most biologically available source of sulfur (21). Various sulfates are intermediate in sulfur avadabiHty, and elemental sulfur is the least available source of sulfur. 

Similar heterogeneous reactions also can occur, but somewhat less efticientiy, in the lower stratosphere on global sulfate clouds (ie, aerosols of sulfuric acid), which are formed by oxidation of SO2 and COS from volcanic and biological activity, respectively (80). The effect is most pronounced in the colder regions of the stratosphere at high latitudes. Indeed, the sulfate aerosols resulting from emptions of El Chicon in 1982 and Mt. Pinatubo in 1991 have been impHcated in subsequent reduced ozone concentrations (85). 

Air or biological oxidation of pyrite leads to sulfate formation and dilute sulfuric acid in the mine drainage. This pollutes streams and the water supphes into which the mine water is drained. Means of controlling this problem are under study. 

D. M. McKnight, S. W. Chrishohn, F. M. M. Morel, INCRA Project No. 252, Copper Sulfate Treatment of Takes and Reservoirs Chemical and Biological Considerations, Ralph M. Parsons Lab, Division of Water Resources Hydrodynamics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Mass., 1981. 

There are two methods of biological treatment aerobic and anaerobic (217). The aerobic systems use free oxygen dissolved in the wastewater to convert wastes in the presence of microorganisms to more microorganisms, energy required for their existence, and carbon dioxide. The anaerobic process occurs in the absence of free oxygen and converts the waste to methane and carbon dioxide, generally in deep tanks or basins, and can produce odor problems when sulfides or sulfates are present in the wastewater. 

DIRECT POTENTIOMETRIC DETERMINATION OF SULFATE CONTENT IN BIOLOGICAL FLUIDS (URINE)... 

A typical microbiological analysis in a troubled carbon-steel service water system is given in Table 6.2. Table 6.3 shows a similar analysis for a cupronickel utility main condenser that showed no significant corrosion associated with sulfate reducers. When biological counts of sulfate reducers in solid materials scraped from corroded surfaces are more than about 10, significant attack is possible. Counts above 10 are common only in severely attacked systems. 

As the most significant point sources of phosphorus are those from sewage treatment works (STW), control of phosphorus loading is most readily achieved either by precipitation of phosphorus with iron salts (iron(lll) sulfate or iron(lll) chloride) or by biological removal. The latter can only effectively be achieved in STWs using activated sludge and there have been many descriptions of this technique. ... 

R. W. FairbriiXjE, Encyclopedia of Geochemistry and Environmental Sciences, Van Nostrand, New York, 1972.. See sections on Geochemical Classification of the Elements Sulfates Sulfate Reduction-Microbial Sulfides Sulfosalts Sulfur Sulfur Cycle Sulfur Isotope Fractionation in Biological Processes, etc., pp. 1123 - 58. 

The duration of action of acetaminophen is limited by the formation of water-soluble derivatives of the phenol (glucuronide and sulfate) that are then excreted via the kidney. Protection i)f the phenol as an ether inhibits such inactivation without diminishing biologic activity. Acetylation of p-ethoxyaniline iffords the widely used peripheral analgesic, phenacetin (25). ... 

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