Sucrose phenols from

Kitao, S., and Sekine, H. 1994. a-D-Glucosyl transfer to phenolic compounds by sucrose phosphorylase from Leuconostoc mesenteroides and production of a-aibutin. Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem. 58 38-42. 

Results obtained by Leloir and Cardini indicated that two separate enzymes are involved in the biosynthesis, in plants, of sucrose and sucrose phosphate from D-fructose and D-fructose 6-phosphate, respectively in the presence of UDP-D-glucose these enzymes have been partially separated. Slabnik and coworkers succeeded in isolating sucrose synthetase and sucrose 6-phosphate synthetase from potato tubers, and determined some of the properties of the partially purified preparations. The sucrose synthetase showed an optimum activity at 45 and was inhibited completely by ADP and some phenolic D-glucosides, whereas these had no effect on sucrose 6-phosphate synthetase. 

A technical challenge with this step is to achieve RNA extraction of uniform quality and efficiency for each fraction. This is because the amount of RNA in each sucrose gradient fraction varies considerably and the high concentration of sucrose in the bottom fractions interferes with phase separation in typical phenol-based extraction steps. To address these problems, we spike each fraction with an aliquot of a foreign (control) RNA, which can be used later to correct for differences in RNA recovery (and reverse transcription efficiency) between samples. We then remove sucrose from the samples by precipitation of total nucleic acid and protein with ethanol. To purify RNA, a standard Trizol (Invitrogen) extraction is performed as outlined later (also see product insert). 

Heterogeneous catalysts, particularly zeolites, have been found suitable for performing transformations of biomass carbohydrates for the production of fine and specialty chemicals.123 From these catalytic routes, the hydrolysis of abundant biomass saccharides, such as cellulose or sucrose, is of particular interest. The latter disaccharide constitutes one of the main renewable raw materials employed for the production of biobased products, notably food additives and pharmaceuticals.124 Hydrolysis of sucrose leads to a 1 1 mixture of glucose and fructose, termed invert sugar and, depending on the reaction conditions, the subsequent formation of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) as a by-product resulting from dehydration of fructose. HMF is a versatile intermediate used in industry, and can be derivatized to yield a number of polymerizable furanoid monomers. In particular, HMF has been used in the manufacture of special phenolic resins.125... 

Catechol and related phenolics 13,16,19, 31, and 32 were also isolated after alkaline treatment of D-glucose and sucrose. Several other substituted acetophenones were isolated. The mechanism of formation of phenolic compounds from monosaccharides under alkaline conditions has yet to be thoroughly investigated. The similarity in the types of aromatic products from D-glucose and D-xylose indicates the formation of the same C2, C3, or C4 fragments, with subsequent recombination and cycliza-tion. Base-catalyzed aldol reactions are, no doubt, predominant pathways in the initial formation of these aromatic products. 

Experimentally, C14-aminoacyl sRNA was incubated with rat liver microsomes or ribosomes, GTP, various fractions obtained from the nonparticulate portion of rat liver homogenates, and buffered salt-sucrose medium in a total volume of approximately 2 ml. (6-10). The C14-aminoacyl sRNA was prepared by the phenol-extraction procedure from the pH 5 amino acid-activating enzymes, fraction of rat liver after incubation with C14-L-amino acids (9, 13). C14-leucyl sRNA (approximately 1000 c.p.m.), having a specific radioactivity of approximately 55,000 c.p.m. per mg. of RNA, and containing a complement of endogenous, unlabeled, bound amino acids, was used in most of these studies. The microsomes were sedimented from the post-mitochondrial supernatant at 104,000 x g (10) and the ribosomes were prepared from them by extraction with deoxycholate (16). 

For extracting total DNA from large amounts of plant tissue, use the above procedure, omitting the sucrose gradients (i.e., do Steps 1-6 and 10-15). After the 2-propanol extraction and dialysis for 2 hr or longer, use an equal volume of Tris-buffered phenol [prepared just before use by adding 1/10 volume of unbuffered Tris to 1 volume of water-saturated phenol (IBI, New Haven, CT)] to extract DNA twice, followed by an ether extraction. The DNA is then dialyzed as above. 

Vator in 1935. Hochstetter reported the preparation of carbonates of D-glucose, D-mannitol, sucrose, and starch by heating the appropriate carbohydrate to 130° with diphenyl carbonate in a medium of molten resorcinol or catechol. The products, the first two of which were crystalline, were purified by removal of the liberated phenol in high vacuum, followed by repeated solvent extraction. No characterization appears to have been carried out, apart from noting that boiling water slowly hydrolyzes the derivatives to carbon dioxide and the original carbohydrate. 

Applying the sample The sample with added sucrose and bromo-phenol blue as before ( 8.3.1.1), or xylene cyanol FF for acid electrophoresis, is carefully pipetted onto the surface of the gel in the slot. The volume should be such that the depth of the layer is no more than about 1 mm. The maximum volume thus ranges from 20 /A for a 1 cm slot on a 2 mm gel to 500 p for a 13 cm slot on a 4 mm gel. Up to 10 pg of RNA per pi sample volume or per square mm of gel surface can be loaded on the gels. On the acid gels, De Wachter and Fiers state that carrier yeast RNA (BDH) should be added to the samples to give this total concentration. This evidently reduces spreading of labelled RNA behind and in front of the strongest zones which is otherwise observed in the acidic system. 

Adams and coworkers21 also examined the chemical composition and antitumor activity of polysaccharide fractions obtained from the Temple University strain of S. marcescens grown in a medium containing sucrose. Some fractions were obtained from bacterial cells by repeated extraction with aqueous phenol, followed by digestion with... 

One of the major problems in nutritional exploitation of tree leaves is the presence of antinutritional and toxic factors (6). The leaves of M. oleifera contain about 1.4% tannins, whereas condensed tannins are not present. Total phenols in leaves ranges from 2.7 - 3.4% (6,100). The M oleifera leaves contain 5.0% saponins as diosgenin equivalent with phytate contents in the leaves of 3. %(6, 100). Activity of trypsin inhibitors and lectins is not detected in the M. oleifera leaves. Other antinntritional factors present in M. oleifera leaves are flatus factors (sucrose + raffinose + stachyose) at 5.6% (107). Nitrate (0.5 tmnol per 100 g) and oxalate (4.1%) are also present inM oleifera leaves (100). The presence of these antinutritional factors in leaves of M. oleifera decreases the bioavailability of other nntrients. However, extraction nsing 80% ethanol decreases the contents of some of these antinntritional factors (6). 

The substance to be selectively adsorbed from a mixture can depend on experimental conditions. For example, from a mixture of aniline and phenol, a high pH will favor the adsorption of aniline, whereas a low pH will cause preferential adsorption of phenol. Similarly, temperature can produce diverging effects raising the temperature increases the adsorption of glycerophosphate but simultaneously diminishes that of sucrose. 

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