Subsystems dependent

The final term is the subsystem-dependent part of the reservoir entropy, which arises from exchanging x between the two. 

Because the components and design of a fuel processing subsystems depend on the raw fuel type, the discussion after Table 9-1 is organized by the fuel being processed. 

A relaxation process will occur when a compound state of the system with large amplitude of a sparse subsystem component evolves so that the continuum component grows with time. We then say that the dynamic component of this state s wave function decays with time. Familiar examples of such relaxation processes are the a decay of nuclei, the radiative decay of atoms, atomic and molecular autoionization processes, and molecular predissociation. In all these cases a compound state of the physical system decays into a true continuum or into a quasicontinuum, the choice of the description of the dissipative subsystem depending solely on what boundary conditions are applied at large distances from the atom or molecule. The general theory of quantum mechanics leads to the conclusion that there is a set of features common to all compound states of a wide class of systems. For example, the shapes of many resonances are nearly the same, and the rates of decay of many different kinds of metastable states are of the same functional form. 

Here, He(j) is Hamiltonian of a free electron, V,-(r) is Coulomb s interaction of the electron with the donor ion residue, Hlv( q ) is Hamiltonian of the vibration subsystem depending on the set of the vibration coordinates qj that corresponds to the movement of nuclei without taking into account the interaction of the electron with the vibrations. The short-range (on r) potential Ui(r, q ) describes the electron interaction with the donor ion residue and with the nuclear oscillations. The wave function of the system donor + electron may be represented in MREL in the adiabatic approach (see Section 2 of Chapter 2) ... 

A typical system is composed of products developed by the enterprise or by suppliers/subcontractors. Each suppher/subcontractor considers its product as part of its system. The organization that purchases these products for integration into a higher-level system should refer to these products as subcomponents, components, complex components, or subsystems, depending on the significance of the element in contributing to the system s performance, functionality, and costs. 

In order for the total PFHd value to be sufficient, [lEC 62061] also requires that the internal hardware fault detection of each subsystem is acceptable. Table 5 (Figure 7) in [lEC 62061] defines which requirements are placed on each subsystem depending on the required SIL from the risk analysis. From table 5 (Figure 7) it is also possible to see that the requirements of the... 

Power conditioning subsystem Depending on the particular appUcation, this subsystem may consist of power electronics (PE) (DC-DC converters, DC-AC... 

In the classical path method one usually propagates a number of vectors rather than a full matrix. The reason being that the effective potential which couples the quantum and classical subsystems depends upon the initial state or even upon the specific transition under consideration. However, in an approximation one may use a trajectory which is governed only by the elastic part of the interaction potential. Here the propagator becomes independent of the initial quantum state and it is convenient to propagate a full matrix. One should keep in mind, however, that the... 

The slow subsystem coordinates in this equation represent the parameters on which both the adiabatic functions 9. and the eigenvalues referred to as adiabatic terms of the fast subsystem), depend. The next step of the adiabatic approximation is the assumption that the motion of the slow subsystem does not change the fast subsystem wave function 9, i.e. that the fast subsystem follows the slow one without inertia. Mathematically, this is expressed taking the total wave function of the system Tj as the product of the adiabatic wave function 9[jt.(q> Q) of the fast subsystem and the wave function of X[iz(Q>) of the slow subsystem ... 

Within one interdependent infrastructure system, its subsystems depend on each other by different types of interdependencies. These have different causes and modes of manifestations (Buldyrev et al. 2010, Dobson 2008) formally, these can be described in terms of dynamic models and input/ output constraints. 

In a switching dynamic model, as the functionality of a subsystem relies on the production or the service provided by other subsystems, the conditions of the switching of this subsystem depend on its input subsystems. From a system-level point of view, a subsystem may continue operating even when the inputs of certain resources are partially unavailable in this sense, the buffering and restoration processes are both taken into account as two different dynamic modes. 

ABSTRACT In the paper, an innovative model of combination of the influence of complex systems inside-dependences and the influence coining from their outside-dependencies on their reliability are presented. Further, the model is practically applied to the reliability evaluation of the ground ship-rope transporter operating in a shipyard at variable operation conditions and changing in time its reliability structure, its components reliability parameters and among its components and subsystems dependencies. As a result of this application, the multi-state reliability function of the shipyard transportation system is determined in case when its components have exponential reliability functions with interdependent departures rates from the subsets of their reliability states. At the end, discussion of how changing the reliability structure, components reliability parameters and inside and outside this transportation system dependencies result in changes of its reliability characteristics is performed. 

The comprehensive method of safety analysis of water supply systems described by Zimoch Lobos (2012) takes into account drinking water quality, water production subsystem capacity and failures on water pipe network, which characterizes the operation conditions of water distribution subsystem. Depending on conditions listed above the four safety states were defined full safety, acceptable safety menace, controlled safety menace, and safety loss. 

Equations (5.2) and (5.3) show how the classical region perturbs the quantum one and originates the solute polarization. Obviously, the classical subsystem depends in turn on the charge distribution of the quantum subsystem. As a consequence, Eq. (5.2) becomes an implicit non-linear expression that needs to be solved iteratively. At the end of this procedure, when convergence is reached, the solute charge distribution and the solvent strucmre around it become mutually equilibrated. 

A control subsystem is needed not only to control the fuel cell operating parameters (flow rates, temperature, humidity, etc.) but also to communicate with the load and other electrical components of the system. This is particularly critical for applications where a fuel cell operates integrated within an electrical grid. Tbe functioning of the electric and control subsystems depends on application [e.g., stand-alone, grid integrated, combined with another power source, backup power). 

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