Substitution reactions of alkyl halides

Nucleophilic substitution reactions of alkyl halides are related to elimination reactions m that the halogen acts as a leaving group on carbon and is lost as an anion The... 

Representative Functional Group Transformations by Nucleophilic Substitution Reactions of Alkyl Halides... 

Alkylamines are, in principle, capable of being prepared by nucleophilic substitution reactions of alkyl halides with ammonia. 

How- does this reaction take place Although it appears superficially similar to the SN1 and S 2 nucleophilic substitution reactions of alkyl halides discussed in Chapter 11, it must be different because aryl halides are inert to both SN1 and Sj 2 conditions. S l reactions don t occur wdth aryl halides because dissociation of the halide is energetically unfavorable due to tire instability of the potential aryl cation product. S]sj2 reactions don t occur with aryl halides because the halo-substituted carbon of the aromatic ring is sterically shielded from backside approach. For a nucleophile to react with an aryl halide, it would have to approach directly through the aromatic ring and invert the stereochemistry of the aromatic ring carbon—a geometric impossibility. 

Sn2 substitution reactions of alkyl halides with hard nucleophiles such as alkyl anions can be achieved most readily with the aid of organocopper chemistry [95]. Sn2 reactions with epoxides and aziridines are also synthetically useful [96]. The... 

Ju and Varma envisioned that the nucleophilic substitution reaction of alkyl halides with amines may be accelerated by microwave energy because of their polar nature [88]. An environmentally friendly synthesis of tertiary amines via direct JV-alkylation of primary and secondary amines by alkyl halides under microwave irradiation was developed (Scheme 21), that pro-... 

The substitution reactions of alkyl halides by carbon nucleophiles derived from alkynes and enolate anions provide major methods for the... 

The lone pairs may act as nucleophiles in substitution reactions of alkyl halides and sulfonates, in the solvolysis of epoxides, and in addition reactions to carbonyl groups. These reactions often proceed with acid or base catalysis. 

Alkyl halides undergo nucleophilic substitution reactions by unimolecular (S l) and bimolecular (S 2) pathways. The substitution reactions of alkyl halides, and of derivatives of alcohols, utilize oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur and carbon nucleophiles. 

The chemistry of amines is dominated by the nucleophilicity of the nitrogen atom. Amines form salts, participate in nucleophilic substitution reactions of alkyl halides and in nucleophilic addition reactions to carbonyl compounds. 

The remainder of Chapter 7 is devoted to a discussion of the substitution reactions of alkyl halides. Elimination reactions are discussed in Chapter 8. 

Carboxylic acids are produced by the hydrolysis of nitrile compounds. In the hydrolysis the —CN group is converted to the —COOH group. Nitriles can be prepared by substitution reactions of alkyl halides with KCN or NaCN. 

Chapter 10 discusses the substitution reactions of alkyl halides. Of the different compounds that undergo substitution and elimination reactions, alkyl halides are examined first because they have relatively good leaving groups. You will also see the kinds of compounds biological organisms use in place of alkyl halides, since alkyl halides are not readily available in nature. 

This chapter focuses on the substitution reactions of alkyl halides—compounds in which the leaving group is a halide ion (F , CF, Br , or F). The nomenclature of alkyl halides was discussed in Section 2.4. 

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