Substance-abuse disorders inhalants

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Glassification of Substance-Related Disorders. The DSM-IV classification system (1) divides substance-related disorders into two categories (/) substance use disorders, ie, abuse and dependence and (2) substance-induced disorders, intoxication, withdrawal, delirium, persisting dementia, persisting amnestic disorder, psychotic disorder, mood disorder, anxiety disorder, sexual dysfunction, and sleep disorder. The different classes of substances addressed herein are alcohol, amphetamines, caffeine, caimabis, cocaine, hallucinogens, inhalants, nicotine, opioids, phencyclidine, sedatives, hypnotics or anxiolytics, polysubstance, and others. On the basis of their significant socioeconomic impact, alcohol, nicotine, cocaine, and opioids have been selected for discussion herein. 

Because of the bewildering variety of substances associated with inhalant abuse, it is difficult to characterize the hazards completely. A number of deaths have been due to cardiovascular collapse or suffocation related to the inhalation of butane, toluene, and gasoline (Cairney, Maruff, Burns, Currie, 2002 Garriott, 1992). Chronic use of inhalants has been linked to a variety of medical problems, including psychotic behavior, movement disorders, kidney failure, and damage to the brain s cortex and cerebellum (Cairney et al., 2002 Cairney, Maruff, Burns, Currie, Currie, 2005). 

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