SUBJECTS myristic acid

Hayes and Khosla (1992) suggested that PA may be neutral in normocholesterolaemic subjects if the diet contains little cholesterol and linoleic acid intake is adequate. Fattore and Fanelli (2013) reviewed the scientific literature on the evidence of the relationship between palm oil and adverse effeets on hmnan health and concluded that there is no elear evidence of a negative role of PA on health and much less of native palm oil, whieh is a eomplex alimentary matrix, in whieh PA is only one of its components. However, more reeent lipid research on the topie seems to have reconsidered the negative role of dietary SFAs as a risk factor for cardiovascular diseases. For instance, lamic acid and myristic acid have a greater total cholesterol-raising effect than PA, whereas stearic acid has a neutral effeet on the concentration of total serum eholesterol, including no apparent impact on either LDL or HDL (Daley etal, 2010). 

Khosla and Hayes [141] conclusions about cholesterolaemic effects of the saturated fatty acid of palm oil suggest that not all SFAs are cholesterol-raising. According to authors, when fatty acids contents are similar, the palmitic acid appears to have no impact on the plasma cholesterol in normocholesterolaemic subjects. Above 400 mg of dietary cholesterol intakeed per day, PA might be cholesterol increasing, even more than myristic acid and quite neutral underneath this value. Nevertheless, if cholesterol consmnption exceeds the critical value or when hypercholesterolaemic subjects are studied, the PA appears to increase the plasma cholesterol. Furthermore, authors linked the different PA actions to the differences in LDL-receptor status. It seems that more studies are needed to explain these inconclusive results. 

Randomised, crossover trial, 45 subjects, 5 weeks 3 experimental diets with the inclusion of various fats (30% energy) in high-protein diets PA-rich palm olein (PO), a lauric- and myristic-acid-rich CO diet, and VOO rich in OA. The postprandial total cholesterol and fasting lipid index for the VOO diet were significantly lower than for the CO diet. No significant differences were observed in the effects of the three diets on plasma total homocysteine and inflammatory markers. (Voon et al., 2011)... 

Themme, E.H.M., Mensink, R.R, and Hornstra, G. Effects of medium chain fatty acids (MCEA), myristic acids, and oleic acid on serum lipoproteins in healthy subjects. J. Lipid Res. 38, 1746-1754, 1997. 

Analytical studies of the tergal secretions of male B. germanica have identified a number of volatile compounds, none of which has so far been subjected to behavioral assays on females. Brossut et al. (1975) found p-hydroxybenzyl alcohol, o-hydroxybenzyl alcohol, di- and tri-methylnaphthalene, benzothiazole, two isomers of nonyl phenol, and myristic, palmitic, and oleic acids. The fatty acids constituted > 92% of the volatile fraction given their abundance in feces and frass, and their role as putative aggregation pheromones (Wileyto and Boush, 1983 Fuchs et al., 1985 Wendler and Vlatten, 1993 Scherkenbeck et al., 1999),... 

Fatty acids can be derivatized with p-bromophenacyl (73, 85, 86], phenacyl [87-89], naphthacyl [90, 91] or p-nitrophenacyl [74] bromide. To prepare p-bromophenacyl esters [73], fatty acids (0.001—0.5 mM) were dissolved in methanol or water and neutralized to a phenolphthalein end-point by methanolic KOH. The solvent was removed by either a rotary evaporator or lyophilization. A 3—10-fold molar excess of alkylating agent, p-bromophenacyl bromide/18-crown-6 (20 1) in acetonitrile, was then added. The mixture was stirred continuously in a sealed Reacti-Vial at 80 °C for 15 min. After cooling, the solution containing the derivatives was directly subjected to RP-HPLC with UV detection at 260 nm. The mobile phase was usually acetonitrile/ water [87, 92, 93], methanol/water [73, 88, 94, 95] or acetonitrile/methanol/water (86, 89], The separation of phenacyl derivatives of palmitoleic (Ci, ) and arachi-donic ( 20 4) acids was not achieved with the acetonitrile/ water system [87, 89], and elution with methanol/water could not resolve linolenic (Cig.3) and myristic (C]4.q) acids [88, 89]. A ternary mobile phase [89] containing a mixture of acetonitrile, methanol and water seemed to be best for the separation of phenacyl derivatives of fatty acids. 

Both studies found that changes in dietary stearic acid did not fit the formula. Since those formulae were introduced a number of newer formulae have appeared, which provide a coefficient for every individual fatty acid, but the original formulae are still used most frequently. Under metabolic ward conditions it has been shown that lauric (Ci2 o) myristic (Ci4 o), and palmitic (Cig o) acids raise both LDL and HDL cholesterol levels, and that oleic (Cig i) and linoleic (Cigtz) acids raise HDL and lower LDL levels slightly. Thus, the type of fat is the determining factor in considering dietary fat effects on serum cholesterol. Experiments in which subjects were fed... 

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