Linoleic acid intake

Ritzenthaler, K.L., McGuire, M.K., Falen, R., Shultz, T.D., Dasgupta, N., McGuire, M.A. 2001. Estimation of conjugated linoleic acid intake by written dietary assessment methodologies underestimates actual intake evaluated by food duplicate methodology. J. Nutr. 131, 1548-1554. 

The. animal work will be described only sufficiently to allow the reader to appreciate lietter the discussion of the human studies. When it became apparent in 19.55 that the peroxide hemolysis test was dependent not only on the tocopherol level of the blood but also upon the level of linoleic acid (and other autoxidizable components) in the stroma of the erythrocyte, animal experiments were designed to obtain more exact correlations between tocopherol needs and linoleic acid intake. This relationship between linoleic acid content of the diet and the incidence of chick encephalomalacia (Century and Horwitt, 19.58) was not recorded until later (Century et al., 19.59 Century and Horwitt, 19.59) when observation of cerebellar encephalomalacia in an infant that had been fed a commercial cottonseed oil preparation intravenously came to our attention (Horwitt and Bailey, 1959). In the meantime, there had been a number of reports to certify the relationship between linoleic acid consumption and chick encephalomalacia (Dam et al, 19.58 Machlin and Gordon, 1960). With the advent of better gas chromatographic techniques, it was soon possible to show that the linoleic acid content of the cerebellum was diet dependent (Horwitt et al., 1959 Witting et al., 1961). The marked effects of diet on the fatty acids of the mitochondria of chick brains has also been reported (Horwitt, 1981a). The levels of linoleic acid are much lower in brain tissues than in any tissue analyzed to date and this relatively low linoleic acid level may be considered a characteristic of brain tissue. The significance of this difference is not known. It is of interest to note that the current interpretations of the effect of more unsaturated fats on the production of chick encephalomalacia were anticipated by Dam in 1944. 

Hayes and Khosla (1992) suggested that PA may be neutral in normocholesterolaemic subjects if the diet contains little cholesterol and linoleic acid intake is adequate. Fattore and Fanelli (2013) reviewed the scientific literature on the evidence of the relationship between palm oil and adverse effeets on hmnan health and concluded that there is no elear evidence of a negative role of PA on health and much less of native palm oil, whieh is a eomplex alimentary matrix, in whieh PA is only one of its components. However, more reeent lipid research on the topie seems to have reconsidered the negative role of dietary SFAs as a risk factor for cardiovascular diseases. For instance, lamic acid and myristic acid have a greater total cholesterol-raising effect than PA, whereas stearic acid has a neutral effeet on the concentration of total serum eholesterol, including no apparent impact on either LDL or HDL (Daley etal, 2010). 

Larsson, S. C., Bergkvist, L., Wolk, A. (2009). Conjugated linoleic acid intake and breast cancer risk in a prospective cohort of Swedish women. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 90, 556-560. 

Larsson, S.C., L. Bergkvist, and A. Wolk. High-Fat Dairy Food and Conjugated Linoleic Acid Intakes in Relation to Colorectal Cancer Incidence in the Swedish Mammography Cohort, Aw./. Clin. Nutr. 82 894—900 (2005). 

McGuire. Estimation of Gonjugated Linoleic Acid Intake by Written Dietary Assessment Methodologies Underestimates Actual Intake Evaluated by Food Duplicate Methodology. J. Nutr. 13h 1548-1554 (2001). 

Salas-Salvado, J., Marquez-Sandoval, F., and BuUo, M., Conjugated linoleic acid intake in humans A systematic review focusing on its effect on body composition, glucose and lipid metabolism, Crit. Rev. Food So. Nutr., 46, 479-488, 2006. 

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