SUBJECTS caloric

The basal diet was a measured, laboratory controlled diet based on ordinary foods fed in sufficient quantities to meet caloric requirements of the 127 subjects for weight maintenance and meeting or exceeding the National Research Council Daily Recommended Nutrient Intakes. 

Having observed a decrease in appetite and thirst when testing BZ, we decided to measured caloric and fluid intake more precisely in the EA 3443 series. At the incapacitating dose, calories ingested and fluid consumed both dropped by about 40%. Sleep duration, also measured, increased at the lower doses but seemed to drop precipitously at the incapacitating dose. This seeming insomnia, however, was illusory. Delirious subjects appeared physically awake, but were asleep in terms of brain electrical activity - the so-called pseudowakeful state. ... 

In general, caloric and fluid intake both tend to decrease as the dose of EA 3443 is increased (Table 8). Sleep duration per 24 hours increases at lower doses (reflecting its sedative effect) but then declines as delirium takes over. The apparent insomnia during delirium often referred to as the pseudowakeftil state, in which the subject is active and seems to be awake, but is actually asleep in terms of EEG activity. 

The lipid infusion protocol represents an experimental situation with supraphysiologically high NEFA blood levels. In the following study it was examined, whether an extrapolation of the results to physiological situations is possible. For this purpose, the effects of short term dietary interventions on IMCL levels and insulin sensitivity were studied. Twelve healthy, lean male subjects with intermediate insulin sensitivity (BMI 23.2 0.6 kg/m, GIR = 46.1+2.8 pmol/kg/min received a high caloric (HC) and a normal caloric (NC) diet. The diets had a duration of 3 days and were characterized as follows ... 

Fig. 26. Spectra recorded from TA of a 32-year-old male volunteer before (left row) and after (right row) short term diets, (a) After high caloric diet (HC) there is a marked increase in IMCL, whereas IMCL content is nearly unchanged after normal caloric diet (NC) as shown in (b). (c) Relative changes of IMCL from baseline after the dietary intervention in the two muscle groups (12 subjects data are given as mean SD).

Some vital factor, le principe vital , was considered an important principle in the chemical processes associated with the synthesis of materials isolated from living matter All simple bodies in nature are subject to the action of two powers, of which one, that of attraction, tends to unite the molecules of bodies one with another, while the other, produced by caloric, forces them apart. . . A certain number of these simple bodies in nature are subject to a third force, to that caused by the vital factor, which changes,... 

Most solids return to their original volume when they have parted with the caloric which caused the distan-tion of their particles some, however, are incapable of doing so, and are permanently elongated or enlarged every time they are subjected to the influence of a high temperature. Such is the case, more especially, with zinc and lead—the particles of which, in sliding over each other, are supposed to possess an amount of adhesive friction which prevents their retraction to the full extent they had expanded. 

Liquids in general are bad conductors of heat It was formerly asserted, indeed, by some chemists, that water is an absolute non-conductor it has been proved, however, that liquids conduot caloric in some measure, subject to the same laws as solids, although, as regards water and other such mobile liquids, very feebly. 

More controlled studies of a CR-like regimen have been reported for human subjects in Biosphere [81,82]. The caloric intake was reduced between 20% and 30% from 10 weeks to over 2 years. This regimen reduced body weight, adiposity, blood pressure, blood glucose, plasma insulin, and serum lipids. 

Higami Y, Pugh TD, Page GP, Allison DB, Prolla TA, Weindruch R. Adipose tissue energy metabolism Altered gene expression profile of mice subjected to long-term caloric restriction. FASE J 2004 18 415-417. 

What is Heat Is there any such thing as an igneous fluid Is there any thing that can with propriety be called caloric . . . In reasoning on this subject, we must not forget to consider that most remarkable circumstance, that the source of Heat generated by friction, in these Experiments, appeared evidently to be inexhaustible. 

The primary objective of modern science is to construct theories that faithfully describe the reality. Theories are nothing but models that are subject to perpetual experimental scrutiny and checks of internal consistency. When a particular theory is abandoned, it is for one of several reasons. Some theories, such as those of flogiston and caloric, are simply proven wrong. Others, such as the geocentric theory of the universe, are superseded by simpler descriptions of reality. Finally, some formalisms (such as the Newtonian mechanics) are found to possess only a limited validity or to constitute special cases of more general (unified) theories. 

In the first two subjects (Patients 1 and 2), the weight loss may have been partly due to a mild restriction in caloric intake in addition to a dietary zinc restriction. Also, that the synthetic diet based on soy protein may have been limiting in certain amino acids was considered. Because of these considerations, in the second group of subjects we increased the caloric Intake, and in the base-line period of 5 weeks before zinc restriction, we supplemented these two subjects with 30 mg of zinc dally. The weight remained stable during the base-line period but decreased when the zinc was restricted subsequently. 

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