Subjectively judged

Besides the above methods, Tosi suggested a new method called method of grouping, which was claimed to have minimal computation difficulty, but only provides approximate values. Tidwell and Mortimer proposed a nonlinear least square method by minimizing the difference between the observed and calculated copolymer compositions. This method was claimed to circumvent the subjective judging of experimental data and lead to better results compared to other methods, although its computation process is quite complicated. 

The use of photometry to rate the spotting and filming on glassware eliminates the possibility of subjective judging by humans. Several systems have been... 

The damping of the concentration wave at the measuring point has been employed to deduce the turbulent diffusivity. This damping was subjectively Judged to be complete after five circulations, i.e. the mixing time. 

The data show that the subjects judged the performance of the two kinds of SAP in the diapers to be essentially equivalent. Repurchase intentions were high with a possible modest preference for the experimental product. 

The t test is also used to judge whether a given lot of material conforms to a particular specification. If both plus and minus departures from the known value are to be guarded against, a two-tailed test is involved. If departures in only one direction are undesirable, then the 10% level values for t are appropriate for the 5% level in one direction. Similarly, the 2% level should be used to obtain the 1% level to test the departure from the known value in one direction only these constitute a one-tailed test. More on this subject will be in the next section. 

There is no combination of chemical or physical analyses which can, or is ever likely to, replace human sensory evaluation completely. Sensory examination of wines employs two major approaches detecting differences and evaluating quaUty or, more briefly, analytical and hedonic (16,19). The former can be objective and the latter is inevitably somewhat subjective regardless of the expertise of the judges. 

Objective Provide a basis to judge the relative likelihood (probability) and severity of various possible events. Risks can be expressed in qualitative terms (high, medium, low) based on subjective, common-sense evaluations, or in quantitative terms (numerical and statistical calculations). 

These objective, quantitative tests have shown that nitrile containers should protect the taste and odor of packaged foods and beverages. But the primary consideration in judging overall package performance, once safety is assured, rests on the subjective evaluations of taste, odor, and appearance. It is well known that the animal senses, in many instances, are far more sensitive than the best instruments and also are capable of integrating the individual effects of the several influences on product quality. 

The study will commence with the administration of low doses, as judged from the non-clinical data. As the study progresses - and provided that there are no indications that it is unsafe to do so - the dosage levels may be increased past the anticipated therapeutic range. Subjects are closely monitored for changes in vital signs (blood pressure, heart rate, body temperature, etc.) and the emergence of any adverse side effects (nausea, drowsiness, pain, headache, irritability, hair loss, etc.). 

Solvent exchange on the first-row transition metal [M(solvent)6]2+ species has been subjected to extensive study, as is exemplified by Table III, which contains data for four solvent systems which have been particularly intensively studied (46, 47, 97, 99, 103, 110-117). The solvent exchange mechanism progressively changes from Ia to Id as the number of d-electrons increases and rM decreases for H20, MeOH, and MeCN solvents, as judged from the changes in sign of AV. It is also seen that lability decreases with increase in AHi substantially, as... 

For small projects, and for simple choices between alternative processing schemes and equipment, the decisions can usually be made by comparing the capital and operating costs. More sophisticated evaluation techniques and economic criteria are needed when decisions have to be made between large, complex projects, particularly when the projects differ widely in scope, time scale and type of product. Some of the more commonly used techniques of economic evaluation and the criteria used to judge economic performance are outlined in this section. For a full discussion of the subject one of the many specialist texts that have been published should be consulted Brennan (1998), Chauvel et al. (2003) and Vale-Riestra (1983). The booklet published by the Institution of Chemical Engineers, Allen (1991), is particularly recommended to students. 

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