Subjective Factors

Membership issues can be delicate. The Copenhagen Document says membership of minorities is decided by choice. Once one has decided to be a member and fulfils the objective criteria, this person can enjoy the rights stipulated for that minority. The Framework Convention is suspiciously quiet on membership issues it simply skips the first step of determining who can be a member. It directly awards substantive rights one of them being the right to be treated or not to be treated as a member of a minority in art. 3 (2) FCNM. 

Membership can be imposed by outside perception when the outside world perceives someone to be part of a group or a minority even though the person itself does not associate him- or herself with the group. This is often based on external features such as ethnicity. Determining group membership by the outside would open for extensive abuse by those in power such as governments and is thus not accepted under international law. 

Going back to the three definitions and what they say about the subjective factor, all three authors attach a time-link and threat-link to the subjective factor of solidarity. Capotorti uses the term preserve . The minority must have the intention to continue its existence. At the same time preserving also means that if nothing is actively done, the minority will at some point cease to exist. There is a latent threat of dissolution. This is more obvious in Deschenes definition who talks of a collective will to survive. Here again, both the time and the threat dimension are clear. Even more explicit is Azcarate when he speaks of the internal solidarity in the past, present and future and of a latent feeling of opposition. Deschenes combines the will to survive with another factor and thus advocates a higher threshold. Minorities must have the aim to achieve equality with the majority in fact and law. While the Capotorti minorities only want to preserve their own culture and traditions, the Deschenes minorities have to strive for equality. 

This would amount to a generation or two and is considerably less than the 100 years that others have put forward as a time-frame.  

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The questions connected with exception of the subjective factor of process of an estimation of its results are considered by use of the automated monitoring systems. The principles of construction of the automated systems are shown on the basis of the unified imits, and also on a principle of self-training. The examples of the equipment, realized to the present time, are given. 

The selection of the operating principle and the design of the calorimeter depends upon the nature of the process to be studied and on the experimental procedures required. Flowever, the type of calorimeter necessary to study a particular process is not unique and can depend upon subjective factors such as teclmical restrictions, resources, traditions of the laboratory and the inclinations of the researcher. 

Unfortunately, even if everyone agrees on a tolerable risk value, there are many other subjective factors that influence our understanding (and tolerance) of risk. If 1 fatality per year were tolerable from causes such as falls, electrocutions, or asphyxiations, would TOO fatalities be... 

With the best observing conditions, it is possible for the trained observer to compete with photoelectric colorimeters for detection of small color differences in samples which can be observed simultaneously. However, the human observer cannot ordinarily make accurate color comparisons over a period of time if memory of sample color is involved. This factor and others, such as variability among observers and color blindness, make it important to control or eliminate the subjective factor in color grading. In this respect, objective methods, which make use of instruments such as spectrophotometers or carefully calibrated colorimeters with conditions of observation carefully standardized, provide the most reliable means of obtaining precise color measurements. 

TEM is conventionally used as a tool to evaluate the size and shape of the cores by direct imaging. However, the core size cannot be determined with atomic resolution from low contrast and 2-D projection of the 3-D core. There are several subjective factors in the estimation of size e.g., how to select the area from which the core size is derived and how to measure this precisely from the vague projections of cores in the TEM micrographs. 

We used a factorial analysis of variance with between and within subjects factors. In all statistical tests, a p value of <— 0.05 was considered significant. 

Biological (test subject) factors that can influence absorption of a chemical from the gastrointestinal tract are summarized in Table 13.3. 

Because we can measure—or reliably estimate—all three of these brain functions, we can construct a three-dimensional model representing (1) the energy level of the brain and its component parts (Factor A, for Activation) (2) the input-output gating status of the brain, including its internal signaling systems (Factor I, for Information Source) and (3) the modulatory status of the brain, which is determined by those chemical systems that determine the mode of processing to which the information is subjected (Factor M, for Modulation). 

The taste sensor will be applicable for quality control in food industry and help automation of the production. The sense of taste is vague and largely depends on subjective factors of human feelings. If we compare the standard index measured by means of the taste sensor with the sensory evaluation, we will be able to assess taste objectively. Moreover, the mechanism of information processing of taste in the brain as well as the reception at taste cells will also be clarified by developing a taste sensor which has output similar to that of the biological gustatory system. 

Measures of Response for Substances Causing Deterministic Responses. For purposes of health protection in routine exposure situations, incidence has been the primary measure of deterministic response for both radionuclides and hazardous chemicals. Fatalities also are of concern for substances that cause deterministic responses, but only at doses substantially above the thresholds for nonfatal responses. Given that the objective of standards for health protection is to prevent the occurrence of deterministic responses, incidence is not modified by any subjective factors that take into account, for example, the relative severity of different nonfatal responses with respect to a diminished quality of life. Judgments about the importance of deterministic responses are applied only in deciding which responses are sufficiently adverse to warrant consideration in setting protection standards. 

All parameters of the packing material are interrelated in their influence on the chromatographic performance of the column. The quality of an HPLC column is a subjective factor, which is dependent on the types of analytes and even on the chromatographic conditions used for the evaluation of the overall quality. 

Subjective factors suggestive of HRS are unknown or uncharacteristic. The clinical picture is influenced by the underlying liver disease, (s. tab. 17.3)... 

Before any evaluation, the essential characteristics required of the instrument must be defined. These will include accuracy, precision, specificity, and speed, and methods for measuring these may need to be devised. To these objective criteria must be added a range of subjective factors, including ease of use, reliability, safety, and ease of maintenance. Finally, all these factors must be related to the price of the instrument. In Britain a schedule for testing automated equipment has been prepared (B17) which with minor modifications can be applied to many different types of instrument. 

Technology, television, transcontinental travel and international scientific and medical conferences continue to narrow the subjective variations. Differences in diagnosis, data measurement and interpretation will diminish with such exchanges. It is possible that methodology, study design and case report forms can be constructed that correct for culture, diet and at least some subjective factors, which will allow comparability of efficacy and... 

Logarithmically transformed, concentration-dependent pharmacokinetic parameters should be analysed using analysis of variance (ANOVA). Usually the ANOVA model includes the formulation, period, sequence or carry-over and subject factors. 

Some of these disadvantages may be circumvented by measuring the optical density which yields quantitative values and enables the determination of the cut-off value. The intersection of the dose-response curve with the cut-off level produces the titre. This value is thus on a continuous scale. The subjectivity factor is also eliminated and the cut-off value may be calibrated for every test by the inclusion of a suitable internal standard. 

In evaluating drugs in man, there also have been improvements in methodology, particularly in the design of better controlled experiments and the use of statistical techniques to interpret the data. This has been more significant in disease conditions in which subjective factors may obscure the interpretation of results. However, in some major diseases, as for example atherosclerosis, osteoporosis, and connective tissue degenerations, the absence of reliable qualitative measures for early identification of the disease state and quantitative measures for comparing improvements or deteriorations have become a much more serious limitation than they were 10 years ago. The requirement for proof of efficacy of a... 

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