Subjective Definitions

Walker Connor states that in case of national groups it is not what is, but what people believe is that has behavioral consequences. The nation is a self-defined 

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The limit of detection (LOD) (see Figure 2.6) is defined as the smallest quantity of an analyte that can be reliably detected. This is a subjective definition and to introduce some objectivity it is considered to be that amount of analyte which produces a signal that exceeds the noise by a certain factor. The factor used, usually between 2 and 10 [11], depends upon the analysis being carried out. Higher values are used for quantitative measurements in which the analyst is concerned with the ability to determine the analyte accurately and precisely. 

The parameter Z is used to denote the number of molecules or formula units in the asymmetric unit of a crystal structure, i.e. the number of molecules that cannot be related to one another by the symmetry operations defined by the crystal space group. Of course, Z is therefore crucially dependent on the somewhat subjective definition of what constitutes the formula unit . Strictly Z is defined as the number of formula units in the unit cell divided by the number of independent general positions. The... 

The oxidation potentials in Table 9, which refer to aqueous Ag/AgCl/KCl (sat.) electrodes, correspond well to the data in Tables 5-8. However, as mentioned in the introductory section, the definition of the oxidation potentials of nonaqueous systems may be very vague in many cases and may thus depend on subjective definitions (such as significant anodic currents ). 

Crystal face specific determination of lEP by means of SFM scanning force microscope was discussed by Eggleston and Jordan [87]. When tip and sample are made of the same material the force at contract shows a minimum at lEP. Preliminary results for silica and hematite showed that this minimum was rather broad, but the method is promising. One shortcoming in this method is a rather subjective definition where is the tip-sample contact on the force-distance curves. 

Microcellular foams are solids composed of relatively small cells. It is difficult to identify a universally accepted definition of the term "microcellular. Defining this term as "relatively small" is hardly quantitative. Aubert (1988) has defined microcellular foams as "foams whose cell or pore size is much smaller than that obtained in conventional foams." This is a subjective definition. The assertion is that traditional methods of foam formation can be used to produce foams with cells approximately 50 to 100 pm in diameter. This range in cell size serves as Aubert s basis for comparison. Aubert then defines microcellular foams as foams with cell diameters smaller than this, i.e., in the range of 10 pm or below. One author s attempt at defining "microcellular" illustrates this term s nebulous character. To provide a... 

This variable at this stage is not recorded, because it is based on a subjective definition so, though the last deviating event is not always the element on which one... 

Case 1 Box Practical Tips on the Subject Definition of Raw Data... 

All petroleum energy products, as distinct and dissimilar as they can be, are subjected to the process of flame combustion. It is helpful at this point to bring to mind some definitions and general laws of thermochemistry. 

The appropriate quantum mechanical operator fomi of the phase has been the subject of numerous efforts. At present, one can only speak of the best approximate operator, and this also is the subject of debate. A personal historical account by Nieto of various operator definitions for the phase (and of its probability distribution) is in [27] and in companion articles, for example, [130-132] and others, that have appeared in Volume 48 of Physica Scripta T (1993), which is devoted to this subject. (For an introduction to the unitarity requirements placed on a phase operator, one can refer to [133]). In 1927, Dirac proposed a quantum mechanical operator tf), defined in terms of the creation and destruction operators [134], but London [135] showed that this is not Hermitean. (A further source is [136].) Another candidate, e is not unitary. 

For the Berry phase, we shall quote a definition given in [164] ""The phase that can be acquired by a state moving adiabatically (slowly) around a closed path in the parameter space of the system. There is a further, somewhat more general phase, that appears in any cyclic motion, not necessarily slow in the Hilbert space, which is the Aharonov-Anandan phase [10]. Other developments and applications are abundant. An interim summai was published in 1990 [78]. A further, more up-to-date summary, especially on progress in experimental developments, is much needed. (In Section IV we list some publications that report on the experimental determinations of the Berry phase.) Regarding theoretical advances, we note (in a somewhat subjective and selective mode) some clarifications regarding parallel transport, e.g., [165], This paper discusses the projective Hilbert space and its metric (the Fubini-Study metric). The projective Hilbert space arises from the Hilbert space of the electronic manifold by the removal of the overall phase and is therefore a central geometrical concept in any treatment of the component phases, such as this chapter. 

The first step in an inductive learning process is always to order the observations to group those objects together that have essential features in common and to separate objects that are distinctly different. Thus, in learning from individual reactions we have to classify reactions - we have to define reaction types that encompass a series of reactions with essential common characteristics. Clearly, the definition of what are essential common features is subjective and thus a variety of different classification schemes have been proposed. 

Uncertainty expresses the range of possible values that a measurement or result might reasonably be expected to have. Note that this definition of uncertainty is not the same as that for precision. The precision of an analysis, whether reported as a range or a standard deviation, is calculated from experimental data and provides an estimation of indeterminate error affecting measurements. Uncertainty accounts for all errors, both determinate and indeterminate, that might affect our result. Although we always try to correct determinate errors, the correction itself is subject to random effects or indeterminate errors. 

Significance tests, however, also are subject to type 2 errors in which the null hypothesis is falsely retained. Consider, for example, the situation shown in Figure 4.12b, where S is exactly equal to (Sa)dl. In this case the probability of a type 2 error is 50% since half of the signals arising from the sample s population fall below the detection limit. Thus, there is only a 50 50 probability that an analyte at the lUPAC detection limit will be detected. As defined, the lUPAC definition for the detection limit only indicates the smallest signal for which we can say, at a significance level of a, that an analyte is present in the sample. Failing to detect the analyte, however, does not imply that it is not present. 

Estimates of the amount of natural gas available are made within the context of definitions and are subject to revision as definitions change, as additional information becomes available, as resources are consumed, or as undedyiag assumptions are altered. These definitions iaclude proved reserves where the resource is expected to be recoverable and marketable usiag known technology and prices probable reserves where a resource has been identified but not completely characterized and possible or potential gas where estimates are based on the available geological iaformation, historical trends, and previous successes. There are variations ia these definitions throughout the world. 

Definite and known procedures for foUow-up must be provided for, with the design group assessing the value of each idea and suggestion presented by the review committee. The actions taken are known to the committee and subject to further review. With such organization, the trade-offs can be acted upon at the appropriate level. 

Tlie next section of the patent is tided "The Detailed Description of the Preferred Embodiment", Q (Fig. lb), often a multipage work serving several functions. First, the detailed description should provide an illustration of the invention in both its broadest or simplest sense and in its most preferred sense. Any elements of the invention that the inventor beheves are crucial to the success or performance of the invention must also be included within this description. Further, tbi< description should provide an explanation of the invention that is definite and illustrative, so as to allow persons having nothing but die patent before diem to practice or use die invention in the manner intended. This description should be understood by those who work in the area that covers the subject matter of the patent. 

Trade secrets may be any type of information, eg, formulae, patterns, compilations, forms, programs, devices, techniques, and processes, as weH as any patentable subject matter. However, in order for it to be a trade secret, there must be definite economic value in the information not being known to the pubHc or readily determinable by a third party. 

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