Subject transmission rates

An important clinical clue connected with the difference between tonic and phasic dopamine release is the so-called rate dependence of psychostimulant action. That means, it depends on the actual dopaminergic state (tonic and phasic) how an individual will react to psychostimulants. Figure 3 illustrates this rule by some examples [2]. The arrows represent the response of each component to methylphenidate for each of the classes of subjects tested, with the horizontal dashed line representing the baseline tonic andphasic levels present in control individuals. Summarizing, methylphenidate tends to normalize dopamine transmission regardless what the baseline rate is. 

Whereas pain is used to refer to the total subjective phenomena associated with injury and suffering, nociception more specifically refers to the aspect of sensory transmission. Nociception is the more correct term for the experimental study of pain, because it is objectively measured through a behavior in animals and humans alike (e.g., withdrawal reflexes, verbal ratings). The actual subjective experiences are private and known to each subject alone. However, for the sake of convenience, the word pain will be used here to address both aspects. Similarly, the word analgesia, meaning the relief from pain, will be used in place of the more objective term antinociception. 

Transmission of infection usually requires a high bacterial load of the inoculum to survive in the gastric lumen with acidity and overcome the defensive mechanisms of the intestinal mucosa. Bacterial load of 10 bacterial cells are required to cause infection. High bacteriae load is usually associated with high rates of infection and short incubation period. Subjects with gastric atrophy and low acidity, as the elderly, may develop infection with a lower bacterial load of 10 cells. 

Water Vapor and Water Resistance. The rate of water vapor transmission of free paint films is measured according to ISO 7783. The resistance of coated substrates to water condensation is, however, generally measured (e.g., according to DIN 50017). Water vapor condenses on coated substrates in airtight cabinets (capacity ca. 300 L) or in walk-in chambers. The coated substrates are subjected to 100% relative humidity at 40 °C for 8 h, followed by a 16-h period at 23 °C and 50% relative humidity. 

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