Subject specific energy

Generally speaking, intermolecular forces act over a short range. Were this not the case, the specific energy of a portion of matter would depend on its size quantities such as molar enthalpies of formation would be extensive variables On the other hand, the cumulative effects of these forces between macroscopic bodies extend over a rather long range and the discussion of such situations constitutes the chief subject of this chapter. 

Typical plasma parameters of the reduction tests with hydrogen can be seen in Table 2. Feed rate of the starting powder was changed by the flow rate of the carrier gas. The specific energy was calculated as the ratio of plate power related to the powder feed rate. Hence, this parameter considers two process variables simultaneously. In each run three samples were collected from different regions of the plasma system (i) from the reactor wall, (ii) from the bottom of the reactor, and (iii) from the cyclone. Particles deposited to different places of the plasma reactor and the cyclone were subjected to different thermal effects, so they probably have different physical and chemical characteristics, as well. 

Thermodynamics deals with energy levels and the transfer of energy between states of matter, and is therefore fundamental to many branches of science. This new edition provides a relatively advanced treatment of the subject, specifically tailored to the interests of the Earth sciences. 

The revived interest in electric vehicles, hybrid electric vehicles, and energy storage systems for utilities has accelerated the development of larger-sized rechargeable batteries. Because of the low specific energy of lead-acid batteries and the still unresolved problems with the high temperature batteries, the nickel-metal hydride battery is currently the battery system of choice for hybrid electric vehicles. This subject is covered in another new chapter. Chapter 30 Propulsion and Industrial Nickel-Metal Hydride Batteries. ... 

The Fe(VI) compounds are promising candidates for cathode materials for both primary and rechargeable alkaline batteries. The reported results demonstrate their higher specific energy compared to other cathode materials now used in alkaline batteries. The questions of long-term stability, shelf life and other critical performance characteristics, large scale manufacture, materials cost, and so on, still have to be resolved and are subject to further evaluation. 

From a specific energy point of view, all-solid state batteries with insertion cathodes have the advantage that overall process only includes a minimum of components, but severe limitations were met in the design of batteries. In order to optimize the interfacial area and hence reduce its resistance, a composite electrode is commonly used in which the electronic and ionic conductors are mixed as powders and subjected to heat or pressure treatment in order to form the electrode. ... 

Since 2006, pre-service chemistry teacher students at Freie Universitat Berlin plan and carry out project weeks for classes in years 7-13 concerning the topics pollution and renewable energy, within the frame of seminars. The aim of this cooperation between school and university is, on the one hand, to provide the students, within the framework of a project week, with an educational opportunity that enables them to intensively deal wi topics from different subject-specific and... 

The equations we have written until now in this section impose no restrictions on the species they describe or on the origin of the interaction energy. Volume and entropy effects associated with reaction (8.A) will be less if x is not too large. Aside from this consideration, any of the intermolecular forces listed above could be responsible for the specific value of x- The relationships for ASj in the last section are based on a specific model and are subject to whatever limitations that imposes. There is nothing in the formalism for AH that we have developed until now that is obviously inapplicable to certain specific systems. In the next section we shall introduce another approximation... 

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