Styrene glycidyl acrylate

Compared with the experimental values for which was noted a high level of measurement error, a level of agreement was found that is not worse than the disparities found for a lot of compounds, which were the subject of independent measurement. Note in particular the good estimates obtained with two compounds that have relatively complex structures, such as styrene oxide and glycidyl acrylate. Nevertheless, there are two estimates that seem sufficiently different from the experimental values to require explanation. 

In the terpolymerization of styrene, 2-ethylhexyl acrylate, and glycidyl acrylate a continuous-addition type of technique was used, and attempts were made to achieve maximum conversions. Relationships were sought between molecular weights, molecular weight distributions, reaction temperature, initiator concentration, half-life of the initiator, and rate of monomer-initiator addition. The molecular weights of the products depended strongly upon reaction temperature and on the rate of initiator decomposition. Narrower molecular weight distributions resulted from the use of initiators with shorter half-lives. 

The monomers used were (1) styrene, rubber grade, Dow Chemical Co., 99.2% of pure styrene with 12 p.p.m. of p-ferl-butylcatechol inhibitor (2) 2-ethylhexyl acrylate (Celanese Corp.) 99.0% purity by weight with 50 p.p.m. of monomethyl ether of hydroquinone (3) glycidyl acrylate (Dow Chemical Co.) 90% purity with 0.1% monomethyl ether of hydro-... 

Most research into the study of dispersion polymerization involves common vinyl monomers such as styrene, (meth)acrylates, and their copolymers with stabilizers like polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) [33-40], poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) [18,41],poly(methacrylicacid) [42],or hydroxypropylcellulose (HPC) [43,44] in polar media (usually alcohols). However, dispersion polymerization is also used widely to prepare functional microspheres in different media [45, 46]. Some recent examples of these preparations include the (co-)polymerization of 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) [47,48],4-vinylpyridine (4VP) [49], glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) [50-53], acrylamide (AAm) [54, 55], chloro-methylstyrene (CMS) [56, 57], vinylpyrrolidone (VPy) [58], Boc-p-amino-styrene (Boc-AMST) [59],andAT-vinylcarbazole (NVC) [60] (Table 1). Dispersion polymerization is usually carried out in organic liquids such as alcohols and cyclohexane, or mixed solvent-nonsolvents such as 2-butanol-toluene, alcohol-toluene, DMF-toluene, DMF-methanol, and ethanol-DMSO. In addition to conventional PVP, PAA, and PHC as dispersant, poly(vinyl methyl ether) (PVME) [54], partially hydrolyzed poly(vinyl alcohol) (hydrolysis=35%) [61], and poly(2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate-fo-butyl methacrylate)... 

Of course there are many other reagents used to attach a double bond to polyether polyols such as chloromethyl styrene (mixture of meta and para isomers), glycidyl acrylate and methacrylate [48] triethoxy or trimethoxy vinyl silanes [54]. 

A copol5m er that contains epoxy groups can be added to form biodegradable blends (51). It is preferable to use such copolymers based on styrene, acrylate, or methacrylate. In general, the compounds have two or more epoxy groups in the molecule. Further, glycidyl acrylate and glycidyl methacrylate or epoxidized fatty acid esters are suitable. 

Poly(styrene-co-2-ethylhexyl acrylate-co-glycidyl acrylate) ... 

Resin and Polymer Solvent. Dimethylacetamide is an exceUent solvent for synthetic and natural resins. It readily dissolves vinyl polymers, acrylates, ceUulose derivatives, styrene polymers, and linear polyesters. Because of its high polarity, DMAC has been found particularly useful as a solvent for polyacrylonitrile, its copolymers, and interpolymers. Copolymers containing at least 85% acrylonitrile dissolve ia DMAC to form solutions suitable for the production of films and yams (9). DMAC is reportedly an exceUent solvent for the copolymers of acrylonitrile and vinyl formate (10), vinylpyridine (11), or aUyl glycidyl ether (12). 

Figure 14.9 Effect of various impact modifiers (25wt%) on the notched Izod impact strength of recycled PET (as moulded and annealed at 150°C for 16 h) E-GMA, glycidyl-methacrylate-functionalized ethylene copolymer E-EA-GMA, ethylene-ethyl acrylate-glycidyl methacrylate (72/20/8) terpolymer E-EA, ethylene-ethyl acrylate EPR, ethylene propylene rubber MA-GPR, maleic anhydride grafted ethylene propylene rubber MBS, poly(methyl methacrylate)-g-poly(butadiene/styrene) BuA-C/S, poly(butyl acrylate-g-poly(methyl methacrylate) core/shell rubber. Data taken from Akkapeddi etal. [26]...

Figure 24.9 Copolymerization of acrylic acid and glycidyl methacrylate with styrene to achieve post-polymerizer branching...

Another approach to the preparation of polymer-supported metal Lewis acids is based on polymerization of functional monomers. If synthesis of the functional monomer is not difficult, polymerization should afford structurally pure functional polymers, because the polymer formed requires no further complicated chemical modification. A variety of substituted styrene monomers are now commercially available styrene monomers with an appropriate ligand structure can be prepared from these. Several other interesting functional monomers such as glycidyl methacrylate, 2-hydr-oxyethyl methacrylate, and other acrylics have also been used extensively to prepare functional polymers. 

A series of copolymer hydroquinone diacrylate (HyDA) resins were characterised by using C CP/MAS NMR spectroscopy [43]. The series include styrene-HyDA, glycidyl methacrylate-HyDA, phenylmethacrylate (PhMA)-HyDA, 2,4,6-tribromophenyl acrylate-HyDA, and 4-acetylphenyl-methacrylate-HyDA. The C CP/MAS spectrum of the PhMA-co-HyDA copolymer is shown in Fig. 15.2.38 with the " C- H solution NMR spectrum of poly(PhMA). 

Glycidyl methacrylate has also been grafted to polyethylene and to poly(ethylene-co-propylene) using peroxides in extruders.87 The reactive group need not be pendant. It can be part of a copolymer. Ethylene-methyl acrylate copolymers and styrene-maleic anhydride copolymers have been reacted with ammonia and with amines in extruders.88... 

Monomers 4VP, 4-vinylpyridine NIPAAm, jV-isopropylacrylamidc AA, acrylic acid PEGMA, poly (ethylene glycol) methacrylate SPE, MAI-dimethyl-AW2-methacryloyloxycthyl-/V-0-sulfopropyl)amm<>-nium betaine AMPS, 2-acrylamido-2-methyl-l-propanesulfonic acid qDMAEMA, quaternary 2-dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate St, styrene HEMA, 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate HEA, 2-hydro-xyethyl acrylate DMAEMA, 2-dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate MAA, methacrylicacid NaSS sodium p-styrene sulfonate AC, [(2-acryloyloxy)ethyl]trimethyl ammonium chloride GMA, glycidyl methacrylate NVP, jV-vinylpyrrolidone MAn, maleic anhydride BVE n-butyl vinyl ether AAm, acrylamide DEAAm, MA-diethylacrylamidc DMAAm, MA -dimethylacrylamidc MMA, methyl methacrylate. 

Acrylonitrile-styrene-acrylate terpolymers, known as either ASA or AAS, constitute another class of ABS resins, viz. Centrex , Luran S, Richform , etc. These materials may also contain reactive groups, viz. maleic anhydride or glycidyl methacrylate. 

One way to achieve compatibilization involves physical processes such as shear mixing and thermal history, which modify domain size and shape. The second way is the use of physical additives to increase attraction between molecules and phases. The third method is reactive processing, which is used to change the chemical structure of one or more of the components in the blend and thus increase their attraction to each other. Table 1.5 contains a list of compatibilizers used in the formulation of polyolefin blends. As can be seen from Table 1.5, most of the compatibilizers used in the formulation of polyolefin blends contain compounds such as maleic anhydride, acrylic and methacrylic acid, glycidyl methacrylate, and diblock and triblock copolymers involving styrene, ethylene, and butadiene. 

PP-g-maleic anhydride Ethylene-co-acrylic acid Ethylene-co-glycidyl methacrylate Styrene-b-ethylene-co-propylene-g-maleic anhydride... 

Sodium neutralized ethylene-co-acrylic acid PE-g-glycidyl methacrylate PE-g-maleic anhydride Ethylene-co-glycidyl methacrylate Styrene-co-ethylene-co-butadiene-co-styrene Styrene-co-ethylene-co-butadiene-co-styrene PP-g-3-isopropenyl-a,a-dimethylbenzene isocyanate... 

Ethylene-co-butyl acrylate-g-maleic anhydride Styrene-co-ethylene-co-butadiene-co-styrene-g-glycidyl methacrylate... 

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