Study of Interfaces

Spierings G, Koutsos V, Wierenga H A, Prins M W J, Abraham D and Rasing Th 1993 Optical second harmonic generation study of interface magnetism Surf. Sc/. 287-8 747-9... 

R. W. Schrage, Theoretical Study of Interface Mass Transfer, Columbia University, New York, 1953. 

Recent XPS studies of interfaces have been performed on U/Si(lll)-7 x 7 face... 

To form an idea of the highly sophisticated nature of the analysis of image formation, it suffices to refer to some of the classics of this field - notably the early book by Hirsch et al. (1965), a recent study in depth by Amelinckx (1992) and a book from Australia devoted to the theory of image formation and its simulation in the study of interfaces (Forwood and Clarebrough 1991). 

Institute for Studies of Interface Science, FacuJies Universitaires Noire Dame de la Paix,... 

It is particularly important to study process phenomena under dynamic (rather than static) conditions. Most current analytical techniques are designed to determine the initial and final states of a material or process. Instmments must be designed for the analysis of materials processing in real time, so that the cmcial chemical reactions in materials synthesis and processing can be monitored as they occur. Recent advances in nuclear magnetic resonance and laser probes indicate valuable lines of development for new techniques and comparable instmmentation for the study of interfaces, complex hquids, microstmctures, and hierarchical assemblies of materials. Instmmentation needs for the study of microstmctured materials are discussed in Chapter 9. 

Castle, J.E. and Watts, J.F. (1988). The study of interfaces in composite materials by surface analytical techniques. In Interfaces in Polymer, Ceramic and Metal Matrix Composites (Proc. ICCI-II) (H. Ishida ed ), Elsevier Seienee, New York, pp. 57-71. 

In the past decade, many new techniques have been developed and applied to the study of interfaces. While earlier measurements involved only macroscopic characteristics of the interface (e.g., surface charge, surface tension, and overall potential drop), new spectroscopic techniques have opened a window to the microstructure of the interface, and insight at the atomic level in this important region is now possible. Parallel to these discoveries and supported by them, more realistic theoretical models of the interface have been developed that combine quantum mechanical theories of metal surfaces and the statistical mechanics of solutions. 

The potential of other nuclei for the study of surfaces is yet to be explored. Gottlieb and Luz (388) measured 2H spectra of a number of perdeuterated molecules adsorbed on active alumina and interpreted the results in terms of quadrupolar tensors. Yesinowski and Mobley (369) have shown that 19F MAS NMR can provide useful information about fluorinated surfaces of calcium hydroxyapatite, Cas(0H)(P04)3. In particular, l9F, 2H, and H MAS NMR may become powerful techniques for the study of interface systems in general. 

Moreover, impedance analysis provides a powerful approach to the study of interfaces. Finally, mass sensors have high sensitivity, and can be used with a variety of selective layers for sensing of a very broad range of compounds. 

Application of Raman Spectroscopy to the Study of Interfaces in Mineral Processing. 

In this final section, emphasis will be placed on the relationship between the behaviour of the homopolymer and that of heterogeneous systems containing interfaces. Thus, in Sect. 4.2, rather than dwell on the (albeit very important) technological aspects of welding, the discussion centres on the extent to which studies of interfaces might help in understanding the fundamentals of fracture in semicrystalline polymers, as they have in the case of interfaces between amorphous polymers [137]. 

In the various sections of this chapter, I will briefly describe the major characteristics of FT-IR, and then relate the importance of these characteristics to physiochemical studies of colloids and interfaces. This book is divided into two major areas studies of "bulk" colloidal aggregates such as micelles, surfactant gels and bilayers and studies of interfacial phenomena such as surfactant and polymer adsorption at the solid-liquid interface. This review will follow the same organization. A separate overview chapter addresses the details of the study of interfaces via the attenuated total reflection (ATR) and grazing angle reflection techniques. 

The early studies of interfaces with PCM [24,25] were promising but could not be compared with other results since direct experimental investigations [26] and simulations [27-29] were performed a few years later. In 2000, the original model was revisited and extended to compute all four fundamental interactions [11] (electrostatics, dispersion, repulsion and cavitation) and a satisfactory agreement with experiments [26] and simulations [27-29] was obtained. 

Refs. [i] Inzelt G (2005) / Solid State Electrochem 9 245 [ii] Horanyi G (1980) Electrochim Acta 25 45 [iii] Horanyi G (2004) In Horanyi G (ed) Radiotracer studies of interfaces. Elsevier, Amsterdam, chapters 1,2,4,6 [iv] Horanyi G (2002) State of art present knowledge and understanding. In Bard AJ, Stratmann M, Gileadi E, Urbakh M (eds) Thermodynamics and electrified interfaces. Encyclopedia of electrochemistry, vol. 1. Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, Chap. 3 [v] Horanyi G (1999) Radiotracer studies of adsorption/sorption phenomena at electrode surfaces. In Wieckowski A (ed) Interfacial electrochemistry. Marcel Dekker, New York, pp 477 [vi] Horanyi G, Inzelt G (1978) / Electroanal Chem 87 423 [vii] Horanyi G, Inzelt G, Szetey E (1977) / Electroanal Chem 81 395 [viii] Vertes G, Horanyi G (1974) / Electroanal Chem 52 47 [ix] Horanyi G (1994) Catal Today19 285 [x] Horanyi G (2003) Electrocatalysis - heterogeneous. In Horvath IT (ed) Encyclopedia of catalysis, vol. 3. Wiley Interscience, Hoboken, pp 115-155 [xi] Inzelt G, Horanyi G (2006) The nickel group (nickel, palladium, and platinum). In Bard AJ, Stratmann M, Scholz F, Pickett CJ (eds) Inorganic chemistry. Encyclopedia of electrochemistry, vol 7a. Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, chap. 18... 

Refs. [i] Horanyi G (2002) Specific adsorption. State of art present knowledge and understanding In Bard A, Stratmann M, Gileadi M, Urbakh M (eds) Thermodynamics and electrified interfaces. Encyclopedia of electrochemistry, vol. 1. Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, pp 349-382 [ii] Horanyi G (2004) In Horanyi G (ed) Radiotracer studies of interfaces. Interface science and technology, vol 3. Elsevier, Amsterdam, p 54... 

The density functional(DF) method is one of the most promising tools for the calculation of structure and orientation in heterogeneous fluids near phase boundaries. Among many proposals for the application of DF method, that by Tarazona has been frequently used in the studies of interfaces and phase transitions in hard sphere systems. 

In their studies of interface instability, most of the investigators listed above have employed a Fourier analysis of the coupling between the fluid motion and the electromagnetic body force. Davidson [81] and, in simpler form, Davidson and Lindsay [82] have pursued an alternative approach whereby a global energy balance... 

Bogomolni R., Tributsch H., Petermann G. and Klein M.P. (1982), Microwave absorption studies of interface phenomena at ZnO electrodes , J. Chem. Phys. 78, 1579-2584. 

Fluorescence quenching techniques (1) provide a battery of useful tools for the study of morphology in complex polymer systems. One of the most important applications of these techniques is to the study of interfaces and interphases in polymer systems. 

Studies of interfaces (30,31) have also shown that certain substrates such as Teflon and silicone-coated sheets give featureless surfaces however, subsequent etching of the surface reveals a two-phase structure. It was further shown that the microgel size decreases with increasing amounts of catalyst. 

Interfaces in Crystalline Materials by A. P. Sutton and R. W. Balluffi, Oxford University Press, Oxford England, 1995. An enormous compendium with broad coverage on interfacial structure, energetics, deformation, segregation and everything else. This book should be seen as doing for the study of interfaces what Hirth and Lothe (1992) did for the study of dislocations. This is the reference on interfaces. 

For optimised operation voltages of the memory, a downscaling of the ferroelectric film thickness is necessary. During this scaling, the influence of interfaces and interface reactions becomes important. Here, we present an XPS study of interface reactions between the organic ferroelectric layer and the material of the electrode. 

In our studies of interface reaction, Fe was evaporated from resistively heated W boats, and the deposition rates were monitored with Inficon quartz oscillators situated near the sample. The typical evaporation rate was 1 A/min, and the pressure during evaporation was 1 x 10-10 Torr in both IPES and XPS systems. 

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