Structure and Properties of Amines

Draw structures corresponding to the following lUPAC names  

Alkylamines have a variety of applications in the chemical industry as starting materials for the preparation of insecticides and pharmaceuticals. Labetalol, for instance, a so-called /3-blocker used for the treatment of high blood pressure, is prepared by Sn2 reaction of an epoxide with a primary amine. The substance marketed for dmg use is a mixture of all four possible stereoisomers, but the biological activity derives primarily from the (R,R) isomer. 

Like alcohols, amines with fewer than five carbon atoms are generally water-soluble. Also like alcohols, primary and secondary amines form hydrogen bonds and are highly associated. As a result, amines have higher boiling points than alkanes of similar molecular weight. Diethylamine (MW = 73 amu) boils at 56.3 C, for instance, while pentane (MW = 72 amu) boils at 36.1 C. 

One other characteristic of amines is their odor. Low-molecular-weight amines such as trimethylamine have a distinctive fishlike aroma, while diamines such as cadaverine (1,5-pentanediamine) and putrescine (1,4-butanediamine) have the appalling odors you might expect from their common names. Both these diamines arise from the decomposition of proteins. 

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Nitrogen s unshared electron pair is of major importance in understanding the structure and properties of amines. Alkylamines have a pyramidal arrangement of bonds to nitrogen, and the unshared electron pair... 

In this chapter we study the structure and properties of amines and their derivatives, the amides. We will see that several are important pain killers, decongestants, and antibiotics, and others are addictive drugs and carcinogens. 

Using l,3-bis[bis(2-pyridylmethyl)amino]benzene, Schindler et al. investigated the structures and properties of complexes (738) linear (weak interaction with the tertiary amine)/distorted... 

Kandori, K. Tamura, S. Ishikawa.T. (1994) Inner structure and properties of diamondshaped and spherical a-Fe203 particles. Colloid Polym. Sci. 272 812-819 Kandori, K. Uchida, S. Kataoka, S. Ishikawa, T. (1992) Effects of silicate and phosphate on the formation of ferric oxide hydroxide particles. J. Mater Sci. 27 719-728 Kandori, K. Yasukawa, A. Ishikawa,T. (1996) Influence of amines on formation and texture of uniform hematite particles. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 180 446-452 Kaneko, K. Inouye, K. (1974) Electrical properties of ferric oxyhydroxides. Bull. Chem. 

In order to optimize the structure and properties of composites, a knowledge of the polymerization kinetics and mechanism are required. Various approaches have been taken to a determination of the kinetics of the polymerization including infrared spectroscopy 30,31). Although the various epoxide/anhydride/amine systems are... 

Structure and Properties of Epoxy-Aromatic Amine Networks in the Glassy State... 

In the Maillard sequence, the initial reaction between a carbonyl group and a trivalent nitrogen atom is perhaps the most thoroughly investigated and best understood. As early as 1963, Reynolds (14) published a review with 140 references limited largely to the studies of reactions of aldoses with amines, the determination of the structures and properties of the first products of reaction (a glycosylamine), and the rearrangement of the latter to a more stable ketoseamine. 

This chapter is concerned with the assembly of supramolecular motifs based on H-bonding interactions between alcohols and amines. We shall name these supra-minols (see Section 1.3). Some useful insights about the effect of the structural and physical properties (as for example the chirality) of the component molecules on the structure and properties of the supramolecular product will be made whenever possible, even if it is widely accepted that predictions of crystal structures from knowledge of chemical composition of the components are far from being generalized [21]. 

The structures and properties of the benzophenones evaluated are summarized in Table 7. The electrochemical properties of the tertiary aromatic amines (TAA) tested are summarized in Table 8, below. 

The closely related research on polyether chelates by Michal Szwarc and his co-workers led to a detailed determination of the structure and properties of carbanions in ion pairs and free ions. The fundamental principles which were developed and clarified in their numerous publications contribute to an understanding and interpretation of much of the polyamine chelate work as well. More recently the crown ether chelates, pioneered by Pederson and co-workers at the Dupont Laboratories, have given additional impetus to research on chelated alkali metal compounds. Crown ethers and amines are cyclic variations which can provide greater stability and specificity in complexation of cations, particularly the heavier alkali metal ions. 

Several epoxy formulations are cured by both step-growth and chain-growth polymerizations occurring sequentially or in parallel. For example, BF3 complexes or tertiary amines may be added as catalysts of an amine-epoxy reaction, leading to different reaction mechanisms taking place whose relative significance depends on the cure temperature (or thermal cycle) and the initial stoichiometry. The structure and properties of the resulting polymer networks depend on the relative contribution of both mechanisms. 

To determine the electronic structure and properties of the nonheme Feg site in bacterial c-type nitric oxide reductases (NorBC, cNOR, or heme bs-Fes— the first abbreviation will be used from this point), Lehnert and coworkers synthesized the Fe(II) complex [Fe(BMPA-Pr)]X (BMPA-Pr-=N-propanoate-Ar,N-bis(2-pyridylmethyl)amine X = C1 (3), CIO4 (4),... 

Preparation of two novel two-photon polymerization initiators, 10-ethyl-3 -E-(4-(N,N -di- -butyl-amino)styryl)phenofliiazine-5 and 10-ethyl-3,7-E,E-bis(4-(N,N -di-butylamino)styryl)phenothiazine-6 was reported. These initiators were found to exhibit good single-photon fluorescence. Synthesis, structures, and properties of two additional two-photon photopolymerization initiators was reported. The compounds are diphenyl-(4- 2-[4-(2-pyridin-4-ylvinyl)phenyl]vinyl phenyl)amine and 9-(4- 2-[4-(2-pyridin-4-ylvinyl)-phenyl]vinyl phenyl)-9H-carbazole. Both compounds were found to be good two-photon-absorbing chromophores and effective two-photon photopolymerization initiators. 

C. Li, K. Mitamura, T. Imae, Electrostatic layer-by-layer assembly of poly (amido amine) dendrimer/conducting sulfonated polyaniline structure and properties of multilayer films, Macromolecules 2003, 36, 9957. 

As a consequence, the goal of our study was to prepare layered silicate nanocomposites from montmo-rillonites organophilized not only with an co-amino acid, but also with alkylammonium salts and protonated amines [27, 28, 29, 30, 31]. The use of the two dissimilar modifiers was expected to lead to significant differences in the interaction of the clay and the polymer matrix. The effect of interfacial adhesion on exfoliation and on the structure and properties of the nanocomposites prepared were determined and are discussed in this paper. Less attention is paid to changes in the crystalline morphology of the PA matrix. 

In order to impart these properties to the final product, very careful selection of the epoxide resin and hardener system, as well as all the other components of the formulation, is vitally important. As the cured material is crosslinked, the structure and properties of the original resin will be completely changed. The material will no longer be soluble without decomposition and its chemical resistance will depend as much upon the hardener selected as upon the epoxy resin. As an illustration of the dependency of the cured system upon the hardener, acid anhydride based hardeners offer excellent resistance to acid environments, whilst amine-type hardeners offer maximum resistance to alkaline environments. 

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