Structure and Physico-chemical Properties

Hoover, R. (2001). Composition, molecular structure, and physico-chemical properties of tuber and root starches a review. Carbohydr. Polym., 45, 255-261. 

Wang, L., Wang, Y. J. (2001). Structures and physico-chemical properties of acid-thinned corn, potato and rice starches. Starch, 53, 570-576. 

L. I. Trakhtenberg, G. N. Gerasimov, Metal-Containing Polymers Cryochemical Synthesis, Structure and Physico-Chemical Properties, in G. Carotenuto, L. Nicolais (Eds.), Metal/Polymer Nanocomposites, Wiley, New York, 2005. 

In the first part of the review, the structure and physico-chemical properties of enamines are discussed. Subsequent sections deal with the methods of preparation and chemical reactivity and are systematically classified according to the mechanism rather than according to their preparative value. 

Correlations of retention data with the structural and physico-chemical properties of... 

STRUCTURE AND PHYSICO-CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF THE NITROGENASE ACTIVE SITES. 

Bally, T, Haselbach, E., Lanyiova, S., Mardcher, F. and Rossi, M. (1976). Electronic structure and physico-chemical properties of azo-compounds. Part XIX. Concerning the conformation of isolated benzylideneaniline. Helv. Chim. Acta, 59,486-98. [228]... 

These results confirm that, because of their structure and physico-chemical properties, the HM and HZSM-5 zeolites are not suitable catalysts to produce the main reaction products with high selectivity values, because the side reactions of oligomerization, cracking, realkylation and coking are prevailing. 

Chapter 3 Structures and physico-chemical properties of nitro compounds... 

Crum-Brown and Fraser (1868-1869) [Crum-Brown and Fraser, 1868a Crum-Brown and Fraser, 1868b] proposed the existence of a correlation between biological activity of different alkaloids and molecular constitution their equation can be considered the first general formulation of a quantitative structure-activity relationship. A few years later, a hypothesis on the existence of correlations between molecular structure and physico-chemical properties was reported in the work of Korner (1874), that dealt with the synthesis of disubstituted benzenes and his discovery of ortho, meta, and para derivatives the different colours of disubstituted benzenes were thought to be related to their differences in molecular structure [Komer, 1874]. 

The subject of the secondary protein structure as a means of defining the performance characteristics ofwheat endosperm-known as hardness-been explored over a seven year period [39, 40]. Another approach, taken by Baron et al., involves the IMS imaging of the endosperm cell walls rather than of the protein found in the endosperm itself [61]. All of these authors performed the imaging in situ, following removal of the protein and starch, in order to study the compositional and architectural heterogeneity and, in relation to this, wheat hardness. In this case, the research was focused on kernel hardness rather than on endosperm hardness, as was the case with our studies. A further study of carbohydrate polymers by the same group involved the investigation of cereal arabinoxylans in relation to their structure and physico-chemical properties. 

The peculiarities of several RTILs, with different cation-anion combinations, have been carefully evaluated. This investigation shows that, as the properties of RTILs are affected by the nature of the anion and/or cation, it is possible to synthesize new RTILs with target properties, suitable for a specific application, varying the structure of the constituent ions. Accordingly, RTILs have been classified as designer solvents . Nevertheless, owing to the complexity of the interionic interactions in RTILs, this design may not be always easy. Recently, possible correlations between ionic structures and physico-chemical properties have been reviewed and discussed [33-36],... 

These are molecular properties related to the effect of a substance produces on an organism or any biological target. Biological activity depends on peculiarities of compounds (molecular structure and physico-chemical properties), biological entity (species, gender, age, etc.), and mode of treatment (dose, route, exposure, etc.). 

Fulvic acids are organic substances which remain in the solution after acid precipitation of humic and hymatomelanic acids from the extract of humic acids. The chemical structure and physico-chemical properties of these substances are similar to those in humic acids. The aromatic character of the molecule is less distinct, and side chains predominate. They also differ from humic acids in their lower molecular weight, yellow to light-brown colour, better solubility in water and easier hydrolysis in acid media. They are easily eluted from soils and peat. They are more acid than humic acids (pH of solution with c = 0.01 mol 1 is about 2.6). They manifest complex-forming properties and exchange capacity. 

While members of the neonicotinoid class of insecticides share a number of structural and physico-chemical properties, the individual compounds provide a remarkable diversity of structural details, which may confer biological differences in their action 13). 

On the other hand, it has now been well established (Courty and Marcilly 1983) that the structural and physico-chemical properties of the products prepared by precipitation depend greatly on various synthesis factors such as the method of precipitation itself, the nature of the reagents, the reagents concentration, the pH of precipitation, the temperature, the aging time, the presence of impurities, the washing and drying conditions. We will see how some of these parameters can affect the formation of LDH itself and its physico-chemical properties. 

For chemicals acting by a uniform mode in different organisms (e.g. nonspecific toxicants), interspecies extrapolations (Chapter 8) are a further means of obtaining toxicity data for environmental risk assessments. When experimental results are unavailable, they can be used with QSARs to fill data gaps. Biologists may prefer interspecies extrapolations, as they proceed from real (i.e. experimental) data. For mathematicians, chemists and statisticians, QSARs may be more reliable, as their input parameters, chemical structures and physico-chemical properties are usually considered to be subject to much less variability as compared to biological data. In practice, there mostly remains only the pragmatic point of view all available information should be collected, scrutinized expertly, and then used (or rejected) for hazard and risk assessments. 

Lahaye M., Rochas C., Chemical structure and physico-chemical properties of agar, Hydrobiologia, 221(1), 1991,137-148. 

The present state of knowledge about the relationship between primary structure and physico-chemical properties of peptides does not allow an immediate prediction of physico-chemical parameters from the peptide sequence ... 

The steps involved in modeling performance and water balance in CCLs are indicated in Figure 8.2 [50, 51]. At the materials level, it requires constitutive relations between random composition, dual porous morphology, liquid water accumulation, and effective physico-chemical properties, including proton conductivity, gas diffusivities, liquid permeabilities, electrochemical source term, and vaporization source term. The set of relationships between structure and physico-chemical properties has been discussed in [3, 47, 50-51]. Since the liquid water saturation S (z) is a spatially var5dng function at jf,>0, these physicochemical properties become spatially varying functions in an operating cell. This demands a self-consistent solution for non-linearly coupled properties and performance. 

Herein the effects of structure and physico-chemical properties of substituted benzodiazepines (27 drags. Table 14.6) on the change of their pharmacokinetic parameters (tjQ, Cl, Vj, F, in the human body are studied. 

As was mentioned, beta-D-glycans, to which hyaluronan is related, are extracellular or intercellular polysaccharides. It is important to find out what new HA and related glycosa-minoglycans have been introduced into the intercellular relations of chordate animals. To do that, let s look at the differences of the chemical structures and physico-chemical properties of polysaccharides with the purpose of understanding what physiological functions they perform. 

Information on the structure and physico-chemical properties of the investigated materials can be obtained on the basis of X-ray diffraction. If the sample under investigation is amorphous, the diffractogram presents a set of very diffuse diffraction peaks whereas, in the case of a crystal structure, a well-defined maximum, which allows estimation of the ordering direction at molecular level and also the type of crystal, appears. 

Bekenev, V. L., Lisenko, A. A. Ostroukhov, A. A. (1980). Electronic Structure and Physico-Chemical Properties of Refractory Compounds. Kiev Naukova Dumka, 84. 

A serious problem facing research into the properties of well-con-ducting organic semiconductors is presented by the fact that so many are refractory, amorphous, insoluble in all solvents and virtually chemically inert. This statement applies particularly to polymers. As a consequence their structure, and physico-chemical properties, are almost inaccessible by conventional investigation techniques. 

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