Interaction interionic

The way out of this dilemma is to make measurements at several (nonideal) molarities m and extrapolate the results to a hypothetieal value of at m = 0. In so doing we have extrapolated out the nonideality because at m = 0 all solutions are ideal. Rather than ponder the philosophical meaning of a solution in which the solute is not there, it is better to concentrate on the error due to interionic interactions, which becomes smaller and smaller as the ions become more widely separated. At the extrapolated value of m = 0, ions have been moved to an infinite distance where they cannot interact. 

The equilibrium between the complexes formed according to Equation (80) depends both on the concentration of fluorine ions and on the potential of interionic interactions, namely the nature of the outer-sphere cations [358]. The influence of the concentration of fluorine ions and of the nature of the outer-sphere cations on the equilibrium in Equation (80) can be demonstrated by the spectral transformations observed at 850°C for M2TaF7 - MF systems, where M = alkali metal [358]. 

Equation (87) and analogous equations for AG , AHm, and for surface tensions apply to molten salt mixtures in which the interaction potential can be classed as conformal. These relations may also be used to test whether the ionic interaction potential in aqueous solutions may be considered as conformal. Thus, as will be shown in one simple example, the limits of usefulness of some interionic interaction potentials may be tested in ranges of concentration of salts in water too high to obtain absolute values for the partition functions. A similar test may be made for associations in salt vapors such as... 

We shall, however, keep here the screened Coulomb potential (314) for describing the interionic interaction the most general case will be discussed in Section V-E. 

Fig. 2 0---0 intermolecular/interionic interactions between COOH and COOH/COO( 1 groups in protonated or partially deprotonated polycarboxylic acids. Top histogram the distribution of 0---0 interactions obtained without neutral/charge discrimination (mean value 2.632 A). When the presence of an ionic charge is taken into account the distributions of 0---0 distances are those in the middle [(n)0(H)-"OCOOH(n) and (")0(H)-"Ocoon( mean value 2.650 A] and in the bottom [( )0(H) Ocoo( ), mean value 2.5333 A] histograms... 

Fig. 3 Concept of the ion-association method for fabricating ion-based organic dye nanoparticles in pure aqueous media. The approach is based on ion-pair formation between the ionic dye (for example, cationic dye) and the hydrophobic counterion that is soluble in water [for example, tetraphenylborate (TPB) or its derivative anion], which gives rise to a hydrophobic phase in water. For preparation, organic cosolvent is unnecessary. The size of the dye nanoparticles can be controlled by adjusting the interionic interaction between the dye cation and the associative hydrophobic counteranion...

Althogh, AG evaluated by Equation 9 takes into account the loss in translational entropy of counter ions upon micellar assoclatlon(3,4), it is doutfull that the term (m/n) RT ln[X], can Include all the effects of interionic interaction in micelle formation. 

As mentioned above, vibrational specfroscopy is known to be a very powerful fool in fhe sfudy of molecular sfucfures and interionic interactions in... 

Seawater typically contains 35 g kg-1 dissolved salts. Assuming this to be effectively all NaCl, and ignoring interionic interactions (Debye-Hiickel, ion pairing, etc.), arrive at an order-of-magnitude estimate of the back-pressure necessary to obtain pure water from seawater by reverse osmosis. 

Uf all the different types of atomic aggregates, ionic crystals have been found to be most suited to simple theoretical treatment. The theory of the structure of ionic crystals described briefly in the following sections was developed about 40 years ago by Born, Haber, Land6, Madelung, Ewald, Fajans, and other investigators. The simplicity of the theory is due in part to the importance in the interionic interactions of the well-understood Coulomb terms and in part to the spherical symmetry of the electron distributions of the ions with noble-gas configurations. 

In weakly solvating solvents interionic interactions between organic molecular ions can lead to fixation of the ionic end of the molecule. The Tl values of pertinent and neighboring 13C nuclei become smaller. In contrast, strongly solvating solvents such as water and alcohols inhibit interionic interaction and lead to an enhanced mobility of the ions solvated by ion-dipole interactions 13C spin-lattice relaxation is consequently slower in such solvents. Thus the T, values of n-butylammonium trifluoroacetate increase with the polarity of the solvent, as shown in Table 3.19 [148]. 

This may well be so in the bulk of the solution, but close to the ions or dipoles the structure of the solvent is considerably modified, so much so that the solvent molecules can be considered as moving with the charge or dipole. In this sense there is an added effect of the solvent, described as solvation, which is over and above the effect of the solvent acting as a medium reducing the interionic interactions, and which is described by Equation (7.26). The effect of the solvent in this sense is discussed under the heading of the effect of solvation on A ///, A S and A V (Sections 7.5.5, 7.4.9 and 7.6.6 respectively). 

If the effect of non-ideality due to long range interionic interactions is included, then it follows from Equation (7.25) that for any one solvent... 

Ionic strength a measure of interionic interactions that are primarily derived from electrical attractions and repulsions. 

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