Structural biomass

T. Person, E. Baiith, M. Clarholm, H. Lundkvist, B. E. Soderstrom, and B. Sohlen-ius. Trophic structure, biomass dynamics and carbon metabolism of soil organisms in a Scots pine fore.st. Ecol. Bull. i2 4l9 (1980). 

Burkholder, J. M., and R. G. Wetzel. 1989. Epiphytic microalgae on a natural substratum in a hardwater lake Seasonal dynamics of community structure, biomass and ATP content. Archiv fur Hydrobiologie/Suppl. 83 1-56. 

Putz, R. 1997. "Periphyton communities in Amazonian black-and Whitewater habitats Community structure, biomass and productivity." Aquatic Sciences 59 74-93. 

Sakshaug, E., Bjprge, A., Gulliksen, B., Loeng, H. and Mehlum, F. (1994) Structure, biomass distribution, and energetics of the pelagic ecosystem in the Barents Sea - a synopsis. Polar Biology, 14, 405—411. 

Phytoplankton provides a good indication of lake trophic state, measurable for example as chlorophyll a concentration, and responds quickly and predictably to changes in nutrient status. Relatively standard methods exist for evaluation of functional and non-taxonomic structural (biomass, chlorophyll measurements) characteristics of algal communities. 

Free radicals are ubiquitous. They are found in living plants and for practical purposes are essential to all life. They also exist in plant material that is dried. These types of free radicals are called persistent free radicals and are normally associated with free radicals present in the structural biomass of the plant (polyphenols, carbohydrates, and lignin). The tobacco precursors of free radicals found in the particulate phase of cigarette mainstream smoke (MSS) are also long-lived, persistent free radicals but arise from the thermolysis of the tobacco biomass to form numerous types of phenolic and quinoidal free radicals [Wooten et al. (27A120)]. Short-lived free radicals are also present in the vapor phase... 

Figure 5.67. Concentration/time plot of structured biomass model according to Williams (1967) Biomass G and K compartment (xq,Xk) and total biomass (x) and substrate (s) simulated on the basis of Equs. 5.228d-f with =0.0125...

If one or more of the inputs is present in less than optimum amount, then the respiratory rate and efficiency, and hence the formation of structural biomass (growth rate), will be reduced to the rate determined by the rate of acquisition of... 

Biomass is generally made up of polymers, oligomers, monomers, and other nonpolymerizable simple organic compounds, including metallic salts and complexes [17,29,30]. Polymers are, of course, the major components and have been serving human civilizations from time immemorial. The literature on natural polymers is vast and only a few reviews and books are cited here for further reference [3,17,18,24,29-31,37-53]. The outstanding aspect of natural polymers is their wide variety, which provides innumerable opportunities for structural modifications and utilization. 

Table 2 depicts an approach to the modification of biomass with a view to effecting necessary changes, structural or otherwise, in natural polymers. Conventionally, modifications [54-63] are effected mainly by two ways (1) mechanical and/or chemical modifications without destroying the main structural backbone, and (2) cleav-... 

In the past, research activities in the field of hemicellulose were aimed mainly at utilizing plant biomass by conversion into sugars, chemicals, fuel and as sources of heat energy. However, hemicelluloses, due to their structural varieties and diversity are also attractive as biopolymers, which can be utilized in their native or modified forms in various areas, including food and non-food applications. 

Soil physical properties most likely to be altered by biomass burning are soil structure, soil wettability, and clay mineralogy (Table HI) (43). The destruction of organic matter results in losses of soil structure, increases in bulk density, diminished aggregate stability and decreases in macropore space (44). 

Oxygen can be present in naphthenic acids, phenols and furan (analogue structures to thiophene and pyrrole) and higher derivatives. Oxygenated compounds give rise to corrosion and product deterioration. Hydrodeoxygenation is particularly important in the upgrading of biomass. 

A. Tunlid and D. C. White, Biochemical analysis of biomass, community structure, nutritional status and metabolic activity of microbial communities in soil. Soil Biochemistry, vol 7 (G. Stotzky and J. M. Bollag, eds.) Marcel Dekker, New York, 1992, p. 229. 

N. Ragendran, O. Matsuda. N. Imamura, and Y. Urushigawa, Variation in microbial biomass and community structure in sediments of eutrophic bays as determined by phospholipid ester-linked fatty acids, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 58 562 (1992). 

F. T. Gillan and R. W. Hogg, A method for the estimation of bacterial biomass and community structure in mangrove-associated sediments, J. Microb. Methods 2 275 (1984). 

S.L. Trabue, T.M. Crowe, and J.H. Massey, Changes in soil biomass and microbial community structure as affected by storage temperature and duration effect on the degradation of metsul-furon methyl in Pesticide Environmental Eate Bridging the Gap Between Laboratory and Eield Studies , ed. W. Phelps, K. Winton, and W.R. Effland, ACS Symposium Series 813, American Chemical Society, Washington, DC (2002). 

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