Strong Heart Study

Prehypertension poses particular hazards for diabetic men and women, as found in a study at the University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center. Doctors there investigated prehypertension in 2,629 subjects taking part in the Strong Heart Study. Many within that group—42 percent—had diabetes. At the outset, participants had normal blood pressure and were free of heart disease. They were followed for twelve years, during which time 389 people suffered a heart event. 

Bella JN, Devereux RB, Roman MJ, O Grady MJ, Welty TK, Lee ET, Fabsitz RR, Howard BV. Relations of left ventricular mass to fat-free and adipose body mass the strong heart study. The Strong Heart Study Investigators Circulation 1998 98(23) 2538-44. 

LDL-cholesterol was the best predictor of MI in the United Kingdom Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) [21]. Based on the observational epidemiology, a 1 mmol/L increase in LDL is associated with a 57% increased risk. LDL-cholesterol was also a strong predictor of CVD in diabetic individuals with insulin resistance and relatively low LDL concentrations in the Strong Heart Study [22]. 

Howard BV, Robbins DC, Sievers ML, et al. LDL cholesterol is a strong predictor of coronary artery disease in diabetic individuals with insulin resistance and low LDL. The Strong Heart Study. Arterioscler Thromb Vase Biol. 2000 20 830-835. 

Zhang, Y, Lee, E.T., Devereux, R.B. et al. 2006. Prehypertension, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease risk in a population based sample The strong heart study. Hypertension 47 410-414. 

Howard BV, Welty TK, Fabsitz RR, et al. Risk factors for coronary heart disease in diabetic and nondiabetic Native Americans. The Strong Heart Study. Diabetes 1992 41 4-11. 

In particular, loss of first-phase insulin secretion seems to be the first and most important defect of the beta cell. In the UKPDS, the decline in insulin secretion was strongly associated with disease progression [6]. In Pima Indians, development of diabetes mellitus was associated with only a modest deterioration in insulin sensitivity, but a major decrease in acute insulin response to glucose [7]. In addition, loss of first-phase insulin secretion has been shown to be a predictor of impaired glucose tolerance in the San Antonio Heart Study [8]. 

The antiarrhythmic effects of n-3 fatty acids are supported by clinical intervention trials (Diet and Reinfarction Trial (DART), Lyon Heart Study, Gruppo Italiano per lo Studio della Soprawivenza nellTnfarto miocardico (GlSSI)-Prevenzione Trial, Indo-Mediterranean Diet Heart Study). Their results strongly support the role of fish or fish oil in decreasing total mortality and sudden death in patients with one episode of myocardial infarction. Therefore, the addition of 1 g/d of n-3 fatty acids is highly recommended for the primary and secondary prevention of coronary heart disease. 

Some days, if his tutor was absent on Council business, I would enter his chambers unannounced rather than send for him, the better to know how well he studied, and whether his lessons were suited to his tastes as well as to the needs of the kingdom. He and the chaplain and the two boys that studied with him would scramble to their feet and bow, and I would take up the slates and read what they had written. Neds Latin verses were the best, and his understanding of science, his rhetoric, too it was not my love that made them seem so, but his desert. He has all Edward s cleverness, and Elysabeth s, but willingly directs his mind to philosophy and reason, while his faith is true and strong. Sometimes I watched him kneeling before the Host at Mass and my heart sang to see my boy lost so well in the love of God. 

Fish oil has been one of the hottest topics in general nutrition and health care over the past few years, mainly because it is primarily composed of - fatty acids. The benefits of fish oil have a strong foundation in well-documented scientific studies, the most important ones dealing with the treatment of heart disease. Treatment of any condition associated with essential fatty acid changes inevitably involves the use of fish oil or more specific mixtures of the primary important essential fatty acids [14]. 

A modest but not significant inverse correlation between the intake of flavonols and flavones and subsequent mortality rates was found in a prospective cohort study of US Health Professionals by Rimm et al [206]. The authors do not exclude that flavonoids have a protective effect in men with established coronary heart disease although strong evidence was missing. Also other studies failed to demonstrate a significant statistical association between the intake of polyphenols and CHD. In Great Britain for instance coronary and total mortality even rose with the intake of the major flavonol source, tea [207], The most likely explanation for the latter observation is that in this study tea consumption merely acted as a marker for a lifestyle that favours the development of cardiovascular disease. Indeed, men with the highest intake of tea and flavonols tended to be manual workers, and they smoked more and ate more fat [208],... 

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