Strong acid, table

Any acid that undergoes quantitative reaction with water to produce hydronium ions and the appropriate anion is called a strong acid. Table gives the structures and formulas of six common strong acids, all of which are supplied commercially as concentrated aqueous solutions. These solutions are corrosive and normally are diluted for routine use in acid-base chemistry. At the concentrations normally used in the laboratory, a solution of any strong acid in water contains H3 O and anions that result from the loss of a proton. Example shows a molecular view of the proton transfer reaction of a strong acid. 

As noted in Chapter an acid that quantitatively donates protons to water molecules is called a strong acid. Table lists the six most common strong acids HNO3, HCIO4, H2 SO4, HCl, HBr, and HI. In an aqueous solution of a strong acid, the hydronium ion concentration is equal to the concentration of the acid solution. The... 

Binary compounds of two nonmetals are covalently bonded. However, strong acids (Table 8-3) in water form ions completely. 

Recall the lists of strong acids (Table 4-5) and strong bases (Table 4-7). These acids and bases are completely or almost completely ionized or dissociated in dilute aqueous solutions. Other common acids and bases are either insoluble or only slighdy ionized or dissociated. In addition, the solubility guidelines (page 134 and Table 4-8) allow you to determine which salts are soluble in water. Most salts that are soluble in water are also strong electrolytes. Exceptions such as lead acetate, Pb(CH3COO)2, which is soluble but does not ionize appreciably, will be noted as they are encountered. 

To do the Chapter Problems at the end of this chapter, you will need to identify important acids as being either strong or weak. The strong acids that you will be expected to recognize are hydrochloric acid, HC1( ), nitric acid, HNO3, and sulfuric acid, H2SO4. An acid is considered weak if it is not on the list of strong acids. Table... 

Diesters, which are of particular importance in biochanistry, are strongly acidic (Table 5.24) and completely in the anionic form at physiological pH (3.97). They are, therefore, fairly resistant to nucleophilic attack either by OH or H2O (which makes the intervention of enzymes so important in biochemistry). 

Some metal carbonyl hydrides dissolved in polar solvents such as water, alcohols, nitriles, ketones, etc., are acids. The acidic character of these complexes is due not only to the polarity of the metal-hydrogen bond, but to solvation of the proton and the carbonylate anion. Acidic metal carbonyl hydrides dissolved in nonpolar solvents do not dissociate, and their chemical properties are like those of nonacidic metal hydrides. [HCo(CO)4] and [HV(CO)6] are strong acids (Table 2.28). 

When an acid completely ionizes in water and gives up aU its protons to water to form a hydronium ion, HsO" ", it is considered a strong acid. Table 14.1 lists some common acids from strongest to weakest. 

Nitration in organic solvents is strongly catalysed by small concentrations of strong acids typically a concentration of io mol 1 of sulphuric acid doubles the rate of reaction. Reaction under zeroth-order conditions is accelerated without disturbing the kinetic form, even under the influence of very strong catalysis. The effect of sulphuric acid on the nitration of benzene in nitromethane is tabulated in table 3.3. The catalysis is linear in the concentration of sulphuric acid. 

Table 1 Hsts some of the physical properties of duoroboric acid. It is a strong acid in water, equal to most mineral acids in strength and has a p p o of —4.9 as compared to —4.3 for nitric acid (9). The duoroborate ion contains a neady tetrahedral boron atom with almost equidistant B—F bonds in the sohd state. Although lattice effects and hydrogen bonding distort the ion, the average B—F distance is 0.138 nm the F—B—F angles are neady the theoretical 109° (10,11). Raman spectra on molten, ie, Hquid NaBF agree with the symmetrical tetrahedral stmcture (12).

Mahc acid is a relatively strong acid. Its dissociation constants are given in Table 1. The pH of a 0.001% aqueous solution is 3.80, that of 0.1% solution is 2.80, and that of a 1.0% solution is 2.34. Many of its physical properties are similar to those of citric acid (qv). Solubihty characteristics are shown in Figure 1 and Table 1, densities of aqueous solutions are hsted in Table 2, and pH values vs concentration are shown in Figure 2. 

The hide proteins differ in amino acid composition and physical stmcture. The principal amino acids (qv) of the hide proteins are hsted in Table 1. Of particular importance is the difference in the water solubiUty of the proteins. AH of the proteins are soluble in water when heated, and upon the addition of either strong acids or bases. Proteins (qv) are amphoteric, possessing both acid and base binding capacity. 

High ortho novolaks have faster cure rates with hexa. Typical properties of a 2inc acetate-cataly2ed high ortho novolak are also shown in Table 4. The gel time with hexa is one-third of that with a strong acid-cataly2ed novolak. 

Whereas sulfamic acid is a relatively strong acid, corrosion rates are low in comparison to other acids (Table 3). The low corrosion rate can be further reduced by addition of corrosion inhibitors (see Corrosion and corrosion control). 

Properties. Some physical properties of nerve agents are given in Table 2. The G-agents, miscible in both polar and nonpolar solvents, hydrolyze slowly in water at neutral or slightly acid pH and more rapidly under strong acid or alkaline conditions. The hydrolysis products are considerably less toxic than the original agent. 

Latex Types. Latexes are differentiated both by the nature of the coUoidal system and by the type of polymer present. Nearly aU of the coUoidal systems are similar to those used in the manufacture of dry types. That is, they are anionic and contain either a sodium or potassium salt of a rosin acid or derivative. In addition, they may also contain a strong acid soap to provide additional stabUity. Those having polymer soUds around 60% contain a very finely tuned soap system to avoid excessive emulsion viscosity during polymeri2ation (162—164). Du Pont also offers a carboxylated nonionic latex stabili2ed with poly(vinyl alcohol). This latex type is especiaUy resistant to flocculation by electrolytes, heat, and mechanical shear, surviving conditions which would easUy flocculate ionic latexes. The differences between anionic and nonionic latexes are outlined in Table 11. 

Glass-reinforced polyester is the most widely used reinforced-resin system. A wide choice of polyester resins is available. The bisphenol resins resist strong acids as well as alkahne solutions. The size range is 2 through 12 in the temperature range is shown in Table 10-17. Diameters are not standardized. Adhesive-cemented socket joints and hand-lay-up reinforced butt joints are used. For the latter, reinforcement consists of layers of glass cloth saturated with adhesive cement. 

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