Stress schizophrenia

Stress the importance of medication and treatment adherence for improving long-term outcomes in schizophrenia. 

Diathesis stress model A multifactorial model of pathogenesis suggesting that schizophrenia is due to the complex interaction between a number of internal and external factors. 

The typical antipsychotic drugs, which for 50 years have been the mainstay of treatment of schizophrenia, as well as of psychosis that occurs secondary to bipolar disorder and major depressive disorder, affect primarily the positive symptoms[10]. The behavioral symptoms, such as agitation or profound withdrawal, that accompany psychosis, respond to the antipsychotic drugs within a period of hours to days after the initiation of treatment. The cognitive aspects of psychosis, such as the delusions and hallucinations, however, tend to resolve more slowly. In fact, for many patients the hallucinations and delusions may persist but lose their emotional salience and intrusiveness. The positive symptoms tend to wax and wane over time, are exacerbated by stress, and generally become less prominent as the patient becomes older. 

Prabakaran, S., Swatton, J. E.,Ryan, M.M. etal. Mitochondrial dysfunction in schizophrenia evidence for compromised brain metabolism and oxidative stress. Mol. Psychiatry, 9 684-697, 2004. 

Mental disorders, for example, multiple subtypes of anxiety, chronic fatigue syndrome, depression, sometimes together with chronic pain, posttraumatic stress disorders (PTSD), and schizophrenia... 

If individuals differ at birth in their susceptibility to schizophrenia, for example, of what does their differentness consist Aside from anatomical differences with respect to brain and endocrine glands especially, there is the possibility that they differ in their nutritional requirements. One may have need, in order to meet the stresses of life and keep his brain metabolism functioning, of a larger amount of certain crucial nutrients than the other. Lacking these nutrients, his brain metabolism gets out of joint and mental disease results. 

The mood disorders were once called affective disorders and are grouped into two main categories unipolar and bipolar. The unipolar depressive disorders include major depressive disorder and dysthymic disorder the bipolar disorders include bipolar 1, bipolar II, bipolar not otherwise specified, and cyclothymic disorder. Other mood disorders are substance-induced mood disorders and mood disorders due to a general medical condition. In addition, mood disturbance commonly occurs as a symptom in other psychiatric disorders including dementia, post-traumatic stress disorder, substance abuse disorders, and schizophrenia. 

The differential diagnosis of depression is organized along both symptomatic and causative lines. Symptomatically, major depression is differentiated from other disorders by its clinical presentation or its long-term history. This is, of course, the primary means of distinguishing psychiatric disorders in DSM-1V. The symptomatic differential of major depression includes other mood disorders such as dysthymic disorder and bipolar disorder, other disorders that frequently manifest depressed mood including schizoaffective disorder, schizophrenia, dementia, adjustment disorder, and post-traumatic stress disorder, and, finally, other nonpsychiatric conditions that resemble depression such as bereavement and medical illnesses like cancer or AIDS. 

In psychiatric practice, chlorpromazine is used in various conditions of psychomotor excitement in patients with schizophrenia, chronic paranoid and also manic-depressive conditions, neurosis, alcohol psychosis and neurosis accompanied by excitement, fear, stress, and insomnia, hi comparison with other neuroleptics, chlorpromazine is unique in that it has an expressed sedative effect. It is sometimes used in anesthesiological practice for potentiating narcosis. It also has moderate anticonvulsant action. The most common synonyms are aminazine, megaphen, largactil, thorazine, prompar, and others. 

In terms of antipsychotic activity, thioridazine is inferior to aminazine. It is most effective in mental and emotional disorders accompanied by fear, stress, and excitement. It is prescribed for varions forms of schizophrenia, psychosis, and neurosis. The most common synonyms are conapax and mellaril. 

Chlorprothixene has an antipsychotic and sedative action. It has expressed antiemetic activity. It is used in various psychoses, schizophrenia, reactive and neurotic depression with prevalent anxious symptomatology, and in conditions of excitement associated with fear and stress. It may be used in small doses as a sedative agent in neurosis. Synonyms of chlorprothixene are clothixene and tarasan. 

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