Stress and protein

Dhindsa, R.S. Cleland, R.E. (1975). Water stress and protein synthesis. I. Differential inhibition of protein synthesis. Plant Physiology, 55, 778-81. 

H. Bernstein, C. M. Payne, C. Bernstein, J. Schneider, S. E. Beard and C. L. Crowley, Activation of the promoters of genes associated with DNA damage, oxidative stress, ER stress and protein malfolding by the bile salt, deoxycholate, Toxicol. Lett., 1999, 108(1), 37. 

Maingrette, F., and Renier, G. 2003. Leptin increases lipoprotein lipase secretion by macrophages involvement of oxidative stress and protein kinase C. Diabetes 52 2121-2128. 

Sohal, R. Role of oxidative stress and protein oxidation in the aging process. Free Radi. Biol. Med. 33(1), 37—44, 2002. 

Gorner, W., Durchschlag, E., Martinez-Pastor, M.T., et al. 1998. Nuclear localization of the C2H2 zinc finger protein Msn2p is regulated by stress and protein kinase A activity. Genes Development 12 586-597. 

It is likely that oxidative stress acts as a promoting factor for neuronal cell death. Oxidative stress and protein oxidation seems to alter the onset and the development of the disease, but are not necessarily the cause for the disease. However, if a particular protein does not provoke the effect by itself, the formation of protein aggregates is able to create secondary changes that might be harmful. 

Kwashiorkor develops when there is adequate calorie but a relatively inadequate protein intake. These patients generally are well nourished but are extremely catabolic, usually secondary to trauma, infection, or burns. There is depletion of visceral (and to some degree somatic) protein pools with relative adipose tissue preservation, and hypoalbuminemia and edema are commonly seen. In the setting of severe metabolic stress and protein deprivation, kwashiorkor may develop rapidly and may result in impaired immune function. 

N. Selvaraj, Z. Bobby, A. K. Das, R. Ramesh, and B. C. Koner, An evaluation of level of oxidative stress and protein glycation in nondiabetic undialyzed chronic renal failure patients, Clin. Chim. Acta, 324 (2002) 45-50. 

According to the NC-IUPHAR Subcommittee on Opioid Receptois it was proposed to term ORL-1 recqrtor as NOP receptor [1]. The human NOP receptor gene encodes a protein of370 amino acids. Splice valiants have been found in the human and mouse NOP recqrtor with no known functional significance. NOP receptors are widely distributed throughout the brain and in the spinal cord. They are also present in immune cells. A functional role for N/OFQ has been proposed in nociception, locomotoric activity, reward, stress, and immunomodulation. 

The efficient uptake of precursor proteins depends on their presentation in a translocation competent state. This is maintained in vivo by the specific interaction with a highly conserved group of proteins, the heat-shock or stress related proteins (hps70s). These act as molecular chaperones and interact with the proteins to maintain them in a correctly folded state, a process which is ATP dependent. 

When considering the role of phosphorylation in the regulation of the HS response, it is indeed curious that oxidative stress and heat induce a protein tyrosine phosphatase at the transcriptional level (Keyse and Emslie, 1992). Whether this phosphatase has any role in the regulation of HSF phosphorylation is not known, but it does indicate that both transcriptional and translational regulation of signaling... 

Christman, M.F., Morgan,R.W., Jacobson, F.S., Ames, B. (1985). Positive control of a regulon for defenses against oxidative stress and some heat shock proteins in Salmonella typhimurium. Cell 41, 753-762. 

Keyse, S.M. Emslie, E.A. (1992). Oxidative stress and heat shock induce a human gene encoding a protein-tyrosine phosphatase. Nature 359, 644-647. 

Two further examples are treated in terms of corresponding flow-models and their related DIFFs in Section 5. These are the relationship between dietary and body protein nitrogen and the influence of water stress, and the usefulness of DIFFs for discussing fractionation within ecosystems for both N and C. 

Protein stress and recycling of nitrogen could also have the opposite effect, however. If less N-depleted N is excreted as inea, then there should be less overall enrichment in the nitrogen available for tissue synthesis. Moreover, if urea itself is recycled for protein synthesis under protein stress, which often occurs in herbivores, then the diet-tissue difference should be smaller than in unstressed individuals because urea has a substantially lower 8 N value than the diet. 

Table 12,2. Experimental conditions, mean 5 N values and diet-tissue and tissue-tissue dilTerence values (A N) of rats not subjected to water stress and/or heat stress, Diet 8 N values are those of the protein source rather than the whole diet pellets. SD = standard deviation, co-d = collagen-diet, h-d = hair-dici, f-d = flesh-diet, co-f = collagen-flesh. 

Ben-Zioni, A., Itai, C. Vaadia, Y. (1967). Water and salt stresses, kinetin and protein synthesis in tobacco leaves. Plant Physiology, 42, 361-5. 

Polyols are present in desiccation tolerant lichens and liverworts, although not in mosses (Lewis, 1984). More generally starch hydrolysis and sugar accumulation occur in many plants experiencing severe water deficits (Hsiao, 1973). It is tempting to speculate that the accumulation of low molecular weight solutes in reponse to water stress represents a mechanism for the protection of membranes and proteins in the dry state. 

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