Streptococcus pneumoniae structure

Sulzenbacher, G., Gal, L., Peneff, C., Fassy, F., and Bourne, Y. (2001). Crystal structure of Streptococcus pneumoniae N-acetylglucosamine-1-phosphate uridyl transferase bound to acetyl-coenzyme A reveals a novel active site architecture. J. Biol. Chem. 276, 11844-11851. 

Figure 1 Peptide pheromone structures determined by NMR. (a) Structure of peptide pheromone (PinA) from Lactobacillus plantarum required for piantaricin biosynthesis. (b) Structure of peptide pheromone (ComC) from Streptococcus pneumonia required for competence deveiopment. ...

Flieger, M. et al. (1997). Ergot alkaloids — sources, structures and analytical methods. Folia Microbiol. 42(1), 3-29. Glass, J. et al. (2002). Streptococcus pneumoniae as a genomics platform for broad spectrum antibiotic discovery. Curr. Opin. Microbiol. 5(3), 338—342. 

Levofloxacin (1), the levo-isomer or the (5)-enantiomer of ofloxacin, received FDA approval in 1996 (Fish, 2003 Hurst et al., 2002 Mascaretti, 2003 Norrby, 1999 North et al., 1998). The initial approval covered community-acquired pneumonia, acute bacterial exacerbation of chronic bronchitis, acute maxillary sinusitis, uncomplicated skin and skin structure infections, acute pyelonephritis, and complicated urinary tract infections (North et al., 1998). Four years later, the levofloxacin indication list grew to include community-acquired pneumonia caused by penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae. In addition, in 2002, nosocomial (hospital-acquired) pneumonia caused by methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Serratia marcescens, Haemophilus influenzae, Kliebsella pneumoniae, and Escherichia coli was added (Hurst et al., 2002). Finally in 2004, LVX was approved as a post-exposure treatment for individuals exposed to Bacillus anthracis, the microbe that causes anthrax, via inhalation (FDA, 2004). 

Romanowski, M.J. Bonanno, J.B. Burley, S.K. Crystal structure of the Streptococcus pneumoniae phosphomevalonate kinase, a member of the GHMP kinase superfamily. Proteins Struct. Fund. Genet., 47, 568-571 (2002)... 

K. Leontein, B. Lindberg, J. Lonngren, and D. J. Carlo, Structural studies of the capsular polysaccharide from Streptococcus pneumoniae Type 12 A, Carbohydr. Res., 114 (1983) 257-266. 

The transpeptidase activity of PBPs is well characterized, mainly due to its important role in bacterial resistance to P-lactam antibiotics [1-3,15,23-27], The transpeptidase activity can be characterized by its ability to bind to different P-lactams and to hydrolyze analogs of bacterial cell wall stem peptides [1,2,15,28-35], A crystal structure has been described for the transpeptidase domain of the Streptococcus pneumoniae PBP2x protein, a member of class B PBPs [36],... 

S Pares, N Mouz, Y Petillot, R Hakenbeck, O Dideberg. X-ray structure of Streptococcus pneumoniae PBP2x, a primary penicillin target enzyme. Nat Struct Biol 3 284-289, 1996. 

J Garcia-Bustos, A Tomasz. A biological price of antibiotic resistance major changes in the peptidoglycan structure of penicillin-resistant strains of Streptococcus pneumoniae. Proc Natl Acad Sci (USA) 87 5414-5419, 1990. 

Structures of Some of the Capsular Polysaccharides of Streptococcus pneumoniae Contained in the Current, Pneumococcal Vaccine... 

A further mode of /S-lactam resistance is due to an alteration in the PBP s structure, resulting in ineffective binding of the antibiotic. Notable examples of this mode of resistance include methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae. 

As a first attempt to synthesise uronic acid-containing structures from this polysaccharide and from the polysaccharide of Streptococcus pneumoniae type 3 (Fig. 6) [67], the common Koenigs-Knorr type donor methyl (2,3,4-tri-O-acetyl-a-D-glucopyranosyl bromidejuronate (easily obtained from the 3,6-glucurono-lactone and recrystallised from ethanol [68]) was tried in coupling reactions with the relevant acceptors 44 and 45 (for structures see Scheme 14, p. 189) and... 

Fig. 6. Structure of the repeating unit of the capsular polysaccharide of Streptococcus pneumoniae type 3...

Dahmen, J, Gnosspelius, G, Larsson, A, Lave, T, Noori, G, Paalsson, K, Frejd, T, Magnusson, G, Synthesis of di-, and tri-, and tetrasaccharides corresponding to receptor structures recognized by Streptococcus pneumoniae, Carbohydr. Res., 138, 17-28, 1985. 

The cell walls of Gram-positive bacteria, including the pathogens S. aureus. Bacillus anthracis. Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Enterococcus faecalis contain thick layers of peptidoglycan. The peptidoglycan layers serve as both a protective barrier and as a scaffold for the attachment of secondary cell wall polymers and surface proteins. Surface proteins include hydrolytic enzymes involved in peptidoglycan turnover, as well as structures such as pili... 

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