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Stray

In the Lewis and Gibson statement of the third law, the notion of a perfect crystalline substance , while understandable, strays far from the macroscopic logic of classical thennodynamics and some scientists have been reluctant to place this statement in the same category as the first and second laws of thennodynamics. Fowler and Guggenheim (1939), noting drat the first and second laws both state universal limitations on processes that are experunentally possible, have pointed out that the principle of the unattainability of absolute zero, first enunciated by Nemst (1912) expresses a similar universal limitation ... [Pg.371]

McDonald P J 1997 Stray field magnetic resonance imaging Prog. Nucl. Magn. Reson. Spectrosc. 30 69-99... [Pg.1545]

Corrosion due to stray current—the metal is attacked at the point where the current leaves. Typically, this kind of damage can be observed in buried stmctures in the vicinity of cathodic protection systems or the DC stray current can stem from railway traction sources. [Pg.2733]

For some simulations it is inappropriate to use standard periodic boundary conditions in all directions. For example, when studying the adsorption of molecules onto a surface, it is clearly inappropriate to use the usual periodic boundary conditions for motion perpendicular to the surface. Rather, the surface is modelled as a true boundary, for example by e, plicitly including the atoms in the surface. The opposite side of the box must still be treated when a molecule strays out of the top side of the box it is reflected back into the simulation cell, as indicated in Figure 6.6. Usual periodic boundary conditions apply to motion parallel to the surface. [Pg.333]

The electronic transitions which produce spectra in the visible and ultraviolet are accompanied by vibrational and rotational transitions. In the condensed state, however, rotation is hindered by solvent molecules, and stray electrical fields affect the vibrational frequencies. For these reasons, electronic bands are very broad. An electronic band is characterised by the wave length and moleculai extinction coefficient at the position of maximum intensity (Xma,. and emai.). [Pg.1143]

Stray radiation is the second contribution to instrumental deviations from Beer s law. Stray radiation arises from imperfections within the wavelength selector... [Pg.387]

For small concentrations of analyte, Pstray is significantly smaller than Pq and Py, and the absorbance is unaffected by the stray radiation. At higher concentrations of analyte, however, Pstray is no longer significantly smaller than Py and the absorbance is smaller than expected. The result is a negative deviation from Beer s law. [Pg.388]

The emission spectrum from a hollow cathode lamp includes, besides emission lines for the analyte, additional emission lines for impurities present in the metallic cathode and the filler gas. These additional lines serve as a potential source of stray radiation that may lead to an instrumental deviation from Beer s law. Normally the monochromator s slit width is set as wide as possible, improving the throughput of radiation, while being narrow enough to eliminate this source of stray radiation. [Pg.418]

Accuracy When spectral and chemical interferences are insignificant, atomic emission is capable of producing quantitative results with accuracies of 1-5%. Accuracy in flame emission frequently is limited by chemical interferences. Because the higher temperature of a plasma source gives rise to more emission lines, accuracy when using plasma emission often is limited by stray radiation from overlapping emission lines. [Pg.440]

A second instrumental limitation to Beer s law is stray radiation. The following data were obtained using a cell with a pathlength of 1.00 cm, when stray light is insignificant... [Pg.450]

A second important need for some guidance system lies in stray electric fields. Clearly, a sufficiently large potential arranged transversely to an ion beam can serve to deflect ions away from the intended direction. Such stray fields can be produced easily by sharp edges or points on the inside of a mass spectrometer and even more so in an ion guide itself. Considerable care is needed in the construction and design of mass spectrometers to reduce these effects to a minimum. [Pg.372]

Switching-Field Distribution. Both and have a strong relation with the recording process. determines the maximum output signal of a recording medium and hence the signal-to-noise ratio. ascertains how easily data can be recorded and erased or changed, but it also determines the maximum head field. On the other hand it also controls the ease with which data can be destroyed, eg, by stray fields. The lower the the more sensitive the medium is to all kinds of fields. In this way, influences the noise level as well. The squareness ratio S (= /Af ) can also be derived from the... [Pg.172]

Because the corrosion resistance of lead and lead alloys is associated with the formation of the protective corrosion film, removal of the film in any way causes rapid attack. Thus the velocity of a solution passing over a surface can lead to significantly increased attack, particularly if the solution contains suspended particulate material. Lead is also attacked rapidly in the presence of high velocity deionised water. The lack of dissolved minerals in such water prevents the formation of an insoluble protective film. In most solutions, lead and lead alloys are resistant to galvanic corrosion because of the formation of a nonconductive corrosion film. In contact with more noble metals, however, lead can undergo galvanic attack which is accelerated by stray electrical currents. [Pg.63]


See other pages where Stray is mentioned: [Pg.112]    [Pg.79]    [Pg.1306]    [Pg.1311]    [Pg.1529]    [Pg.1535]    [Pg.2489]    [Pg.2733]    [Pg.2963]    [Pg.254]    [Pg.387]    [Pg.388]    [Pg.388]    [Pg.388]    [Pg.391]    [Pg.394]    [Pg.420]    [Pg.446]    [Pg.779]    [Pg.371]    [Pg.373]    [Pg.382]    [Pg.427]    [Pg.690]    [Pg.295]    [Pg.114]    [Pg.182]    [Pg.388]    [Pg.451]    [Pg.299]    [Pg.66]    [Pg.485]    [Pg.442]    [Pg.310]    [Pg.318]   
See also in sourсe #XX -- [ Pg.111 , Pg.112 , Pg.113 , Pg.113 ]

See also in sourсe #XX -- [ Pg.230 ]




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AC stray currents

Cathodic protection continued stray-current

Cathodic protection stray currents

Cathodic stray currents

Chloride stray currents

Corrosion by Anodic Interference (Cell Formation, Stray Currents)

Corrosion due to stray currents

Corrosion stray-current

Cross-conduction current reduction by stray inductance

DC stray current

Detection of Stray Currents

Development of Stray Current Protection

Electric fields, stray

Electrical hazards stray currents

Electrical stray field energy

Elimination of stray light

Enhancement of Anodic Corrosion by Cell Formation or Stray Currents from dc Installations

Failure stray currents

High stray currents

Hydrogen stray currents

Ignition sources stray currents

Influence of stray light

Inspection stray currents

Iron dissolution, stray currents

Materials stray currents

Means for Reducing Stray-Current Corrosion

Ohmic stray currents

Passivation stray currents

Passive stray currents

Pipelines stray-current corrosion

Pits, stray current and bacterial corrosion

Pitting stray currents

Potential Measurement under the Influence of Stray Currents

Potential measurement stray currents, influence

Power cables stray current protection

Presence of Stray Currents

Protection against stray currents

Protection from Stray Current

Quantitative Damage by Stray Currents

Radiation stray

Railway stray currents

STRAY CURRENT TECHNIQUE

Scattering stray radiation

Soils stray current corrosion

Soils stray currents

Sources of Stray Currents

Spectrophotometry stray light

Stray Current Protection for Individual Pipelines

Stray Current Protection in Harbor Areas

Stray Currents from High-Voltage dc Power Lines

Stray Currents from dc Railways

Stray Light current

Stray Light in Monochromators

Stray capacitance

Stray capacitor

Stray capacity

Stray coefficients

Stray current cells

Stray current corrosion welding generators

Stray current effect

Stray current interference

Stray current interference causes

Stray current interference protective measures

Stray current protection

Stray current protection development

Stray current protection economics

Stray current sources

Stray current-induced corrosion

Stray currents

Stray electric signals

Stray field

Stray field imaging

Stray flux

Stray light

Stray light and recombination

Stray light effects

Stray light test

Stray light, reduction

Stray lines

Stray magnetic field

Stray radiant energy

Stray radiation, effect

Stray-current corrosion avoiding

Stray-current corrosion damage

Stray-current corrosion detection

Stray-current corrosion sources

Stray-current electrolysis

Stray-light measurement

The Action of Stray Currents

The Enemy Strange Fruit and Stray Smoke

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