Straw composite

Index Entries Fungal upgrading engineered storage biological preprocessing Pleurotus ostreatus straw composite. 

To evaluate how the formulation components affect extrusion product performance, a fractional factorial design was created for statistical analysis. The fractional design is shown for the Neat and treated straw composite testing in Table 2. As already noted, Degradel and Degrade2 represent wheat straw that was inoculated with P. ostreatus and incubated for 6 and 12 wk, respectively. The values in Table 2 are percentages required to make a 2-kg batch for extrusion. 

Surfaces are formed in the transition from one state of matter to another, whether the two phases are chemically distinct or not. Thus, surfaces exist at interphases or interfaces between two phases of either the same or different materials. For example, the surface of an ice cube in a glass of water represents an interface between two phases that are identical in chemical composition. The surface of a straw in the same glass of water represents an example of an interface between chemically distinct materials. 

Insulation Boa.rd. The panel products known as insulation board were the earliest commodity products made from fibers or particles in the composite panel area. These are fiber-base products with a density less than 500 kg/m. Early U.S. patents were obtained in 1915 and production began soon thereafter. The initial production used wood fiber as a raw material, but later products were made of recycled paper, bagasse (sugar cane residue), and straw. Schematics of the two major processes still ia use are shown ia Figure 4. 

The fundamental goal in the production and appHcation of composite materials is to achieve a performance from the composite that is not available from the separate constituents or from other materials. The concept of improved performance is broad and includes increased strength or reinforcement of one material by the addition of another material. This is the well-known purpose in the alloying of metals and in the incorporation of chopped straw into clay for bricks by the ancient Egyptians and plant fibers into pottery by the Incas and Mayans. These ancient productions of composite materials consisted of reinforcing britde materials with fibrous substances. In both cases the mechanics of the reinforcement was such as to reduce and control the production of cracks in the brittle material during fabrication or drying (2). 

Miscellaneous manufacturing Manufacture of jewelry, silverware, plated ware, toys, amusement, sporting and athletic goods, costume novelties, buttons, brooms, brushes, signs, advertising displays Metals, glass, plastics, resin, leather, rubber, composition, bone, cloth, straw, adhesives, paints, solvents... 

The word "composites" has a modern ring. But using the high strength of fibres to stiffen and strengthen a cheap matrix material is probably older than the wheel. The Processional Way in ancient Babylon, one of the lesser wonders of the ancient world, was made of bitumen reinforced with plaited straw. Straw and horse hair have been used to reinforce mud bricks (improving their fracture toughness) for at least 5000 years. Paper is a composite so is concrete both were known to the Romans. And almost all natural materials which must bear load - wood, bone, muscle - are composites. 

Table 1. The composition of neutral sugars and content of anhydrogalacturonic acid (%) in XRPP extracted with pH 1.6 HCl solution at 85° C for 4 h (1 g wheat straw/100 mL extractant) from defatted, protein-free wheat straw.

A ready reckoner for the amount of N, P and K removed by certain representative crops is shown in Table 5.2. The requirement for P and K may be expressed in terms of the element rather than the oxide (P205 or K20). P205 contains 0.43 units of P K20 contains 0.83 units of K. The depletion of N, P and K from the grain of wheat, barley and oats is pro rata for yield, but the nutrient composition of the straw is different, oat straw containing very much more potassium than wheat or barley straw. Potatoes and kale are very much more exhaustive of N and K than the cereal crops. 

Building mud, a composite material, is easily prepared by mixing clay or clayey soil with fibrous matter, such as straw or dung of herbivorous animals, and sufficient water to obtain a plastic, pliable mass. In ancient Egypt, for example, mud was made by mixing clayey soil with sand, chopped straw, and sufficient water so as to make the mixture pliable and suitable either for use as mortar or stucco or for making bricks. 

Stored solid manures acts as a source of N20 production/consumption and emission. Covering heaped manure shows reduction in NH3 emissions but has no effect on N20 emission, while other studies showed that both were reduced. The addition of chopped straw reduced N20 emission by 32% from the small scale of cattle manure. [54], Slurry or liquid manure with no cover showed negligible N20 release, while slurry with straw cover might act as a source of emission [55]. N20 emission occurs following manure application to soil [56], Various factors that affect N20 release from soil include (i) type of manure, (ii) soil type, (iii) manure composition, (iv) measurement period, (v) timing of manure application, (vi) amount of manure applied, and (vii) method of application. 

Composites are an important class of solid materials, whose history goes back to ancient times. For example, bricks made only of clay were not as strong as those in which straw was mixed with the clay. Now we use clay as the filler in new polymeric composites to enhance their mechanical properties. The ionic con-... 

Our first detailed analysis of the cellulase system produced on wheat straw in SSF indicated that the activities of various enzymes were as follows (lU/ml) FP cellulase, 8.6 -glucosidase, 10.6 and xylanase, 190-480. The FP cellulase -glucosidase ratio was 1 1.23 (21), These results encouraged us to compare the composition of the cellulase systems produced in SSF and LSF on different substrates. 

Table IV. Composition of Cellulase Systems of Trlchoderma reesel QMY-1 produced on Wheat Straw and Wheat Bran Under Liquid and Solid-State Fermentation...

As pentoses are readily accessible from wheat straw and bran [26, 27], the telomerization of 1 with a bran syrup having the composition given in Table 15 led to a crude mixture containing 1% bran symp, 67% monooctadienylethers (18, 23), 31% dioctadienylethers (24—26), and 1% trioctadienylethers (Fig. 21). The physical evaluation of this mixture is given in Fig. 22 and revealed satisfactory surface-active behavior of this crude mixture although no sharp value of CMC could be determined, as can happen with complex mixtures. Continuous decrease of... 

Appearance. It shall be a clear, orange to light straw in color, liquid, free from all visual suspended matter or deposit. A composite sample shall be examined visually... 

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