Stramonium

At this writing anticholinergic agents are not widely used for the symptomatic treatment of asthma, although compounds such as atropine [51 -55-8] C17H23NO3, (18) have been used for centuries (111). Inhalation of the smoke produced by burning herbal mixtures, such as Datura Stramonium provided bronchodilation and rehef from some of the symptoms of asthma. The major active component in these preparations was atropine or other closely related alkaloids (qv). 

The British Pharmacopoeia (1932) recognises three of these solanaceous drugs and specifies for them minimum requirements per cent, of total alkaloids, calculated as hyoscyamine, viz. belladonna, leaves 0-3, root 0-4 henbane, leaves and flowering tops 0-05 stramonium, leaves and flowering tops 0-25. The United States Pharmacopoeia, XIII, specifies the same minimum limits for belladonna leaves and stramonium and for henbane, 0-04. 

Biosynthesis of tropan alkaloids hyosciamine and scopolamine by isomerization of alkaloid littorine in Datura. stramonium and related species 98CSR207. 

Datura stramonium rheogniometer oscillatory membrane integrity non-growth [31]... 

BalHca and Ryu [158] correlated reductions in cell yield in Datura stramonium suspensions with the increased Reynolds stresses associated with higher aeration rates in a 1.2-1 ALR. A more recent study [159] of C. roseus suspensions cultivated in a 1.5-1 bubble column showed that the increased bubble sizes associated with both larger sparger pores and higher aeration rates caused a reduction in system performance. Here, also, it was postulated that the effects were due to increased Reynolds shear stresses in the flow field. However, it was not possible to rule out gas-stripping effects. 

Cyperus esculentus Datura stramonium Polygonum aviculare... 

The (S)-tropic acid, the acid moiety found in hyoscyamine (27) and scopolamine (89), is formed from phenylalanine by an intramolecular 2,3-carbonyl shift (5,124). Feeding of the four possible stereoisomers of [l-14C,3-3H]phenylalanine to Datura innoxia and D. stramonium was used to prove that during the 2,3-carbonyl shift a 3,2-hydrogen shift takes place as well (725)(Scheme 23). With D. innoxia, the 2,3-carbonyl shift was shown to... 

The family Solanaceae consists of about 85 genera and 2800 species of plants, of which, 80 are of medicinal value in the Asia-Pacific region. Solanaceaeare well known for their parasympatholytic tropane alkaloids, such as hyoscyamine. Classic examples are Atropa belladonna L. (belladona herb, British Pharmacopoeia 1963), Datura stramonium L. (stramonium, British Pharmacopoeia, 1963), and the dried leaves and flowering tops of Hyoscyamus... 

Friedman M (2004), Analysis of biologically active compounds in potatoes (Solanun tuberosum), tomatoes (Lycopersicumesculentum), and jimson weed (Datura stramonium) seeds , J Chromatogr A, 1054, 143-155. 

Thorn apple (Datura stramonium). Reprinted with permission from Harner MJ. (1973). The role of hallucinogenic plants in European witchcraft, in Hallucinogens and Shamanism. Harner MJ, ed. London Oxford University Press. 

Jimsonweed Thornapple D. discolor D. kymatocarpa D. pruinosa D. quercifolia D. reburra D. stramonium D. wrightii Datura stramonium... 

There are many species of datura, the best known of which is probably jimsonweed (Datura stramonium). It is an annual plant reaching a height of 1-2 meters, with large white solitary flowers (Gruenwald 1998) (figure 9.14). Datura is indigenous to many parts of the world, including Europe, Noth America, northern Africa, and eastern and southwestern Asia. 

The word datura derives from its Sanskrit name, dhattura. Stramonium derives from the French word stramoine, meaning "stink weed," alluding to the unpleasant smell of the folium (Gruenwald 1998 ... 

The cholinergic hallucinogens all have common chemical constituents that are responsible for their pharmacological effects (Robbers et al. 1996). These are the tropane alkaloids hyoscyamine, scopolamine (or hyoscine), and atropine (figure 9.16). It is scopolamine, and not atropine or hyoscyamine, which primarily produces the central and hallucinogenic effects because it is the only one that passes the blood-brain barrier sufficiently. However, all three have peripheral effects. Datura stramonium contains 0.1-0.65% tropane alkaloids, which is principally... 

Other plants of the nightshade family, including Atropa belladonna (deadly nightshade), Hyoscyamus niger (black henbane), and Datura stramonium (Jimson weed), contain atropine-like toxins that are anticholinergic, blocking the muscarinic receptors. An incidence in southern Utah of cattle poisoned on black henbane, with many death losses, was recently reported (Pfister, 2003). Atropine and atropine-like alkaloids are discussed Section 2.2.1.7. 

Hiickelhoven, R., Schuphan, 1., Thiede, B., and Schmidt, B. Biotransformation of p3uene by cell cultures of soybean (Glycine maxh ), wheat (Trltlcum aestivum L.), jimsonweed (Datura stramonium L.), and purple foxglove (Digitalispurpurea L.), 7 Agric. Food Chem., 45(l) 263-269, 1997. 

The tropane alkaloids (—)-hyoscyamine and (—)-hyoscine are found in the toxic plants deadly nightshade (Atropa belladonna) and thornapple (Datura stramonium) and are widely used in medicine. Hyoscyamine, usually in the form of its racemate atropine, is used to dilate the pupil of the eye, and hyoscine is employed to control motion sickness. Both alkaloids are esters of (—)-tropic acid. 

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