Straight-chain hydrocarbons common

The system for naming the straight-chain hydrocarbons is based on an agreed-upon method of retaining the first three or four common names, then using Greek prefixes that indicate the number of carbon atoms in the chain. For isomers, the same system is used, always using the name of the compound that is attached to the chain and the name of the chain. 

The most commonly used amphiphiles to build L-B hlms for tribological applications are the straight chain hydrocarbon compounds with simple functional groups such as the fatty acids, including stearic acids, arachidic acids, and behenic acids [32], but other amphiphilic molecules, e.g., 2,4-heneicosanedione and 2-docosylamina-5-nitropyridine, are also applied in some cases. There are two major systems of self-assembled monolayers, namely the alkylsilance derivatives (e.g., OTS, octadecyltrichlorosilane) on hydroxylated surfaces and the alkanethiols on metal substrates, which have been investigated extensively to examine their properties as solid lubricants and protective surface films [31 ]. 

From a commercial standpoint, there is a large body of hydrocarbons that is very important and hence these are of relevance to first responders to a hazardous-materials incidents. These hydrocarbons are different in that they are not straight-chain hydrocarbons but have a structural formula that can only be called cyclical. The most common and most important hydrocarbon in this group is benzene. It is the first and simplest of the six-carbon cyclical hydrocarbons referred to as aromatic hydrocarbons. 

Alkenes, commonly referred to as olefins, are partially unsaturated straight-chain hydrocarbons characterized by one or two double carbon-to-carbon bonds in their molecules. Concentrations of olefins are generally very low in crude oils. Significant amounts of olefins are found only in some refined products. 

Waxes are derived from petroleum and are of two common types, paraffin and microcrystalline. Paraffin waxes have lower carbon numbers, a higher proportion of straight-chain hydrocarbons, and lower melting points compared to the microcrystallines. Typical carbon numbers are n = 20 - 50 for paraffin waxes and n = 30 - 70 for microcrystallines. 

Although normal straight-chain hydrocarbon starting materials may be used in the electrolytic process, some branching will always result, commonly yielding materials with up to 30% branched isomers. 

Polymerization of raw feedstock. Aliphatic hydrocarbon resins. Raw feedstock contains straight-chain and cyclic molecules and mono- and diolefins. The most common initiator in the polymerization reaction is AICI3/HCI in xylene. The resinification consists of a two-stage polymerization in a reactor at 45°C and high pressure (10 MPa) for several hours. The resulting solution is treated with water and passed to distillation to obtain the aliphatic hydrocarbon resins. Several aliphatic hydrocarbon resins with different softening points can be adjusted. 

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