Sting, The

Sodium chloride (table salt) is used to thicken the mixture if the main surfactants are sodium lauryl sulfates. If the surfactants are ammonium-based, then ammonium chloride is used instead. Salt can make the shampoo harsh, which can sting the eyes, so more expensive thickeners are used to keep the salt levels low. 

In case of burning and stinging, the patient should stop the application of bleaching creams for few days and then start again. 

After a painful sting the elicitor of Hymenoptera venom-induced anaphylaxis is usually clear. However the identification of the responsible species is often difficult. 

Figure 4. Worm-hunting and snail-hunting Conus, (a) The ver-mivorous species Conus brunneus about to sting its polychaete worm prey, (b) The molluscivorous species Conus dalli stinging the snail prey, Columhella. Both Conus species were collected in the Gulf of California. Photographs by Alex Kerstitch.

Other living things besides animals also use acid to sting. The stinging nettle bush has sharp, hollow hairs that contain various chemicals, including formic acid, that irritate the skin of any animal that is unfortunate enough to rub up against it. 

The vast majority of ant species use chemical secretions for defensive and offensive purposes [111-113]. Stinging is the most notorious, although not the only defensive mechanism in ants. Indeed, many ants do not sting, the sting... 

Many ants produce formic acid that they use in biting or stinging.The acid is part of why an ant bite hurts. In the rain forests of Peru, researchers have discovered ants that use formic acid to "garden. The lemon ants that live there prefer the lemon ant tree because the leaves have hollow stems that provide nest sites for the ants. The ants make sure there are lots of lemon ant trees.They inject formic acid into the leaves of all the plants in an area except the lemon ant tree.The acid causes the leaves to turn brown and fall off in about five days.The lemon ants "gardening method makes sure their favorite tree gets lots of sunlight. 

Sting. The venoms of both bees and wasps contain fonnic acid as well, among other toxic chemicals. 

Clindamycin has in vitro activity against Propionibacterium acnes this has been postulated as the mechanism of its beneficial effect in acne therapy. Approximately 10% of an applied dose is absorbed, and rare cases of bloody diarrhea and pseudomembranous colitis have been reported following topical application. The hydroalcoholic vehicle may cause drying and irritation of the skin, with complaints of burning and stinging. The water-based gel and lotion formulations are well tolerated and less likely to cause irritation. Allergic contact dermatitis is uncommon. Clindamycin is also available in a fixed-combination topical gel with benzoyl peroxide (BenzaClin). 

The water is hot, smells of rotten eggs, or stings the skin. 

The physician tells the patient the following story (lasting about one minute), which then has to be retold by the patient (also in about one minute) A bee flies to the brook to take a bath and falls into the water. A dove sees the bee and saves it from drowning. The dove lays the bee on a leaf to dry off. The next day, a hunter comes into the wood and takes aim to shoot at the dove. The bee flies at him and stings the hunter s hand so that his shot misfires. It is important to note any incorrect renderings of the plot which are typical of SHE - e.g. the hunter or the dove drown, the dove stings the bee, the hunter shoots the bee, the dove stings the hunter, etc. 

Scorpion venom may reach systemic circulation through lymphatic transport following a sting. Of those scorpions located in the United States, Centruroides exilicauda, found in southeastern California, Arizona, Nevada, southern Utah, and southwestern New Mexico, is an example of a scorpion that can produce significant systemic toxicity following envenomation. Onset of systemic symptoms typically occurs within 4h of the sting. The metabolism of venom components is not well understood. Tissue distribution of venom is complex. 

Q7.2 Mepyramine (Figure 7.29) is an antihistamine used in the treatment of insect bites and stings. The BP assay for 50 mg Mepyramine Tablets is as follows. 

This criterion frequently is misinterpreted. Although the vitamin is a natural product, there is no difference in efficacy between in-sting the all-natural or a synthetic product... 

As the bees are buzzing a few feet from my deck chair, I question why am I not attacked Probably the bees are more interested in the nectar of flowers than in stinging me. This is where the exposure in the risk equation must be incorporated. This was previously presented as risk = hazard X exposure. The bee next to me remains just as hazardous as if it were sitting on my arm ready to sting. The difference is that with so many flowers growing in my yard and with the location of my jacket between the bee and my skin, I have additional protection drastically reducing my potential exposure. The bee and its hazard doesn t change, but the bee s access to me does, which lowers exposure and thus risk. 

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