Sterile fluids injectable

Medical MF membranes provide a convenient, reliable means to sterilize fluids without heat. Membranes are used to filter injectable thiids during manufacture. Sometimes thevare inserted into the tube leading to a patients vein. 

A batch of bottles of "sterile Dextrose Injection BP manufactured by Evans Medical Ltd. (at that time a major U.K. producer of these types of products) was found to be contaminated by Klebsiella aerogenes and other gram-negative coliform bacteria. Approximately one-third of all of the bottles from the incriminated batch were found to be nonsterile. The concentration of bacteria in the bottles of fluid was sufficiently high to be visually perceptible to the naked eye this would typically mean more than lO bacteria per mL. 

Urinary tract Lian bi zhi injection is a sterilized fluid that contains andrographolide sodium bisulfate, which has antibacterial and anti-inflammatoiy effects and is commonly used to treat bacillary dysentery. 

Injections and infusion fluids must be manufactured in a manner that will minimize or eliminate extraneous particulate matter. Parenteral solutions are generally filtered through 0.22 pm membrane filters to achieve sterility and remove particulate matter. Prefiltration through a coarser filter is often necessary to maintain adequate flow rates, or to prevent clogging of the filters during large-scale manufacturing. A talc or carbon filtration aid (or other filter aids) may also be necessary. If talc is used, it should be pretreated with a dilute acid solution to remove surface alkali and metals. 

Clinical management can potentially reduce the effects of plutonium intake, although the effectiveness can be highly variable. Administration of the calcium salt of diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA) can accelerate removal of soluble forms of plutonium from body fluids and recent deposits. It is unable to remove intracellular deposits or activity buried in bone and must therefore be administered as soon as possible after an intake. In a review of 18 patients exposed to plutonium, americium, or curium, the US Food and Drug Administration concluded that administration of 1 g Ca-DTPA in 5 ml sterile aqueous solution, either by intravenous injection or as a nebulized inhalation dose, increased the rate of radioactivity elimination in urine by an average of 39-fold. Daily maintenance doses of Zn-DTPA resulted in continued elimination of radioactivity. 

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