Stem Color

Park H, Park-Lee Q, Lee CH 1980 Saponin pattern of Panax ginseng root in relation to stem color. Hanguk Nonghwa Hakhoe Chi 23 222-227... 

Table 12.2 recapitulates the principal modifications of wine constitution caused by destem-nung. Despite the increase in total phenolic compounds in the presence of stems, color intensity diminishes. This long-observed fact is interpreted as the adsorption of grape skin anthocyanins on the ligneous surface of the stems. This interpretation has been confirmed in a model solution containing anthocyanins and tannins either a stem extract or the stems themselves is added, fir the first case, the tannin concentration increases considerably, while the... 

On ornamental plants CCC is appHed to a2aleas, geraniums, and hibiscus (Hibiscus sp] to make compact plants, and to poinsettias to reduce stem height and increase the red color of the bracts. A considerable amount of work has been carried out on cereals with CCC to reduce stem length and inhibit lodging. In Europe, the effect of CCC on shortening the culms of cereals is dependent upon the genotype. It has been demonstrated that the effect is as follows wheat > triticale > durum wheat > rye > oats > barley > corn = millet = rice (37). In barley, culms are initially inhibited but later the plant overcomes the inhibition (37). This has been attributed to poor assimilation, translocation, and rapid breakdown in wheat (38). 

Stem, P.W., Food, drug and cosmetic colors, in Pigment Handbook, Vol. 1., Lewis, P.A., Ed., John Wiley Sons, New York, 1988, 925. 

The flavonoids universally occur in vascular plants, in which they are often responsible for the colors of flowers and fruits, although they are also present (often less apparently) in roots, stems, and leaves [10]. The number of possible sources from which these compoimds can be isolated is very large and much useful information on this can be obtained in reviews [10-12]. 

Figure 14-11. Snapshots from the conformational switch path explored in the vicinity of the active conformation (unfolded docked conformation) and starting from the inactive (undocked) conformation found in crystal. Stems A and B were aligned (best fitted) and are shown in yellow, different instances of stem C are shown in stick representation with different colors. A schematic of the non-canonical binding scheme of the ligation site is shown in the right panel and the general mechanism of ligation in the left panel...

Only natural dyes were known until the nineteenth century. By trial and error and probably also by chance, humans learned to extract and use a large variety of dyes of vegetable and animal origin. Dyes were extracted from the roots, trunk bark, and branches of trees, the stems, leaves, flowers, and fruits of plants, the bodies of insects and mollusks, and the eggs of insects. All the dyes obtained from natural sources are rather impure, and hence the accurate reproducibility of colors was almost impossible during antiquity. Still, many of the dyes and dyeing techniques used in antiquity were highly developed and remained in use until the discovery of the synthetic dyes in the middle of the nineteenth century (Colombo 1995 Robinson 1969). 

Barberry root is a yellow-red dye that has been used since prehistoric times it is extracted with hot water from the stems, bark, and roots of Berberis vulgaris, a bush that grows indigenously in Europe as well as in North America. The coloring matter in the dye is the organic compound berberine. Silk and wool can be dyed directly with barberry root, yielding a yellow color however, for dyeing cotton, a mordant is required to attach the dye to the substrate fibers. 

Cultures of B. subtilis were introduced into the stems of young potato plants by Suit and Hibbert104 in an attempt to bring about replacement of starch by another polysaccharide. Sections of some of the resulting potatoes gave little or no color with iodine, and were provisionally designated starchless potatoes. However, based on analogy with recent developments in starch chemistry, it seems probable that the starchless potato was free from amylose, and contained only amylopectin. 

Signs Lesions appear on the leaves of rice plants and vary in size. They are usually diamond shaped and have a gray or white center with a brown or reddish-brown border. Crop loss of 50-90% has been reported. Lesions also appear on the rice head but are brown or black in color. Rice grains do not develop properly. In severe neck infections, the stem will break and the head will drop off. The fungus can infect the roots and also invade the plant s vascular system blocking the transport of nutrients and water from the roots. ... 

A compilation of structure-function relationships for plant cells is depicted in Table 2 while Table 3 categorizes their locations within plant tissues. A color atlas of plant structure has been published by Bowles (102). The reader is referred to Esau (103), Fahn (105), Fosket (108), Maseuth (106), Moore and Clark (109), Steeves and Sussex (104), and Raven et al. (107) for in-depth discussions of both the morphology and physiology of stems, roots, leaves, and flowers, i. e., plant organs. Certain of these volumes consider the structural differences between monocot and dicot roots and stems. 

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