Steels chrome steel

Carbon Steel—Rings C.I. Cast Iron C.I.—Rings C. Steel Cast Iron Carbon Steel Chrome Steel Carbon Steel Mechanical Mall. Iron ... 

Chromium. Phis element increases hardness, improves hardenahilily. and promotes the formation of carbides and for tliese reasons is used in eonstt uelional steels Chrome steels are relatively stable at elevated temperatures and have outstanding wear resistance. Chromium is an important constituent of stainless and heat-resistant steels to be described shortly. 

Commonly used types of grinding media are carbon steel, stainless steel, chrome steel, tungsten carbide, ceramic, or zirconia. Ball mills produce up to 50 ton/hr of powder substantially passing a 200-mesh screen. Temperature control can be achieved by the use of jacketed ball mills through which a heat transfer fluid is circulated. 

The major fermentation method used to produce lactic acid on an industrial scale is the batch fermentation process. The factors affecting the batch process have been reviewed (Litchfield 1996 Vick Roy 1985). Because of the very corrosive properties of lactic acid, construction materials used for the fermenter and downstream processing equipment are a major cost item. Copper, copper alloys, steel, chrome steel, and high-nickel steels are all unsatisfactory. High-molybdenum stainless steel like SS316 is satisfactory. Plastic linings of fermentation tanks have been used successfiilly, and new developments in ceramics and plastics may provide future choices (Vick Roy 1985). 

The 300 series stainless steels contain nickel (316 and 317 also moly). The 400 series chrome steels are intended mainly to resist sulfur and high temperature. The 300 series steels have a greater range of chemical resistance. A handheld instrument is now available to discriminate between carbon steel, chrome steel, and different types of stainless steels. 

CO2 corrosion often occurs at points where there is turbulent flow, such as In production tubing, piping and separators. The problem can be reduced it there is little or no water present. The initial rates of corrosion are generally independent of the type of carbon steel, and chrome alloy steels or duplex stainless steels (chrome and nickel alloy) are required to reduce the rate of corrosion. 

Chromenes Chrome-nickel alloys Chrome-nickel steels Chrome nitrate Chrome ore Chrome oxide greens Chrome plating Chrome tanning Chrome-tin... 

The higher boiling phenols, present in considerable amounts in CVR and low temperature tars, are corrosive to mild steel, especially above 300°C. Cast iron, chrome steel, and stainless steel are more resistant. Furnace tubes, the insides of fractionating columns, and the rotors of pumps handling hot pitch and base tar are generally constmcted of these metals. Nevertheless, to ensure satisfactory furnace tube life, particularly in plants processing CVR or low temperature tars, the tube temperature should be kept to a minimum. 

A hard, mst-resistant shaft of at least 0.25 micrometer finish is usually required. Common shaft surfaces are hardened tool steel, chrome plate, high strength bronze, and carbide and ceramic overlays. Test results over a broad speed range from 0.05 to 47 m/s (10 to 9200 fpm) iadicate that a coefficient of friction of 0.16—0.20 and a wear factor of 14 X 10 m /N(70x 10 ° in. min/ft-lb-h) are typical for dry operation of weU appHed grades of carbon—graphite (29). 

Carbon disulfide is normally stored and handled in mild steel equipment. Tanks and pipes are usually made from steel. Valves are typically cast-steel bodies with chrome steel trim. Lead is sometimes used, particularly for pressure reUef disks. Copper and copper alloys are attacked by carbon disulfide and must be avoided. Carbon disulfide Hquid and vapor become very corrosive to iron and steel at temperatures above about 250°C. High chromium stainless steels, glass, and ceramics maybe suitable at elevated temperatures. 

The stainless steels contain appreciable amounts of Cr, Ni, or both. The straight chrome steels, types 410, 416, and 430, contain about 12, 13, and 16 wt % Cr respectively. The chrome—nickel steels include type 301 (18 wt % Cr and 9 wt % Ni), type 304 (19 wt % Cr and 10 wt % Ni), and type 316 (19 wt % Cr and 12 wt % Ni). Additionally, type 316 contains 2—3 wt % Mo which gready improves resistance to crevice corrosion in seawater as well as general corrosion resistance. AH of the stainless steels offer exceptional improvement in atmospheric conditions. The corrosion resistance results from the formation of a passive film and, for this reason, these materials are susceptible to pitting corrosion and to crevice corrosion. For example, type 304 stainless has very good resistance to moving seawater but does pit in stagnant seawater. 

Moreover, high-temperature variation may result in large variations in the resistance of the grid and may vary the performance of a variable-speed drive if care is not exercised in selecting a proper alloy of the resistance. An alloy such as aluminium-chrome steel should be preferred when it is required to perform a speed control or a speed varitition. as discussed above. 

Which Alloy to Use. Unalloyed mild steel parts have been known to corrode at rates as high as 800 mils per year. The low-chrome steels, through 9-Cr, are sometimes much more resistant than mild steel. No corrosion has been reported, with both 2%-Cr and 5-Cr furnace tubes, whereas carbon steel tubes in the same service suffered severe coiTosion. The 12-Cr stainless steels are scarcely, if any, better than the low-chromes. But the 18-8 Cr-Ni steels, without molybdenum, are often quite resistant under conditions of low velocity although they are sometimes subject to severe pitting. 

Axial compressor blades are usually forged and milled. Precision casting has been used on occasion. The most common material used is a 12 chrome steel, in the AISI 400 series, and is also known as 400 series stainless steel. While the stator blades are occasionally shrouded, the rotor blades are free-standing. Lashing wires have been used on rotor blades, but are generally used to solve a blade vibrational stress problem. 

Butadiene Casing C. Steel—Rings C.I. Impeller C.I.—Rings C. Steel Carbon Steel 13% Chrome Steel Mechanical... 

Styrene Cast Iren Cast Iron Carbon Steel 13% Chrome Steel Ring Packing... 

Valves must be made of fatigue-resistant carbon or alloy steel or 18-8 stainless steel, depending upon the service. The 18-8 stainless and 12-14 chrome steel is often used for corrosive and/or high temperature service. Any springs, as in the plate-type valves, are either carbon or nickel steel. Valve passages must be smooth, streamlined, and as large as possi-... 

Blades or buckets Handles steam expansion Stainless steel, chrome alloy... 

Crystalline films of TiB2 obtained by CVD are used at lower temperatures as protective coatings. The interaction of these films with various substrates is studied" and desirable properties of the substrate in cases when the coating is deposited according to Eq. (a) are formulated. Substances meeting the requirements in this respect are W, Ta, Mo, WC, TiC, graphite, Fe-Ni-Co-Mn alloy (Kovar) and some high-chrome steels. 

Most common metals Mild steel, aluminium, brass, copper or stainless steel Any common metal Any common metal Iron, steel, copper, brass, plastic for dry gas. For moist gas use stainless steel or certain plastics Copper-lined metals for pressures <34 bar. Certain highly alloyed chrome steels... 

Nuclear stations tend to employ ferritic chrome steels, stainless steels and nickel based alloys in their boilers. Turbines contain a variety of steels while condensers are usually of brass or, increasingly, of titanium. Low pressure feed heaters have traditionally been made of brass also, but increasingly steels are used. 

Into a chrome-steel, jacketed nitiator, provided with mechanical agitation, was added 4601bs of 98% nitric acid and cooled to 10° (50°F) by circulating brine thru the jacket. 

However, the convective-section finned tubes are not intended or designed to withstand such high temperatures, and so the tubes themselves are often made from low-temperature-rated carbon steel, whereas the fins, which are not much cooled by the process flow, are often made from low-chrome steel. As it is much easier to make finned tubes from just one type of metal instead of two, though, the furnace manufacturers will often choose to make the finned convective-section tubes entirely out of low-chrome steel in which case one could expect... 

A typical process heater tube diameter is 4 to 10 in. Tube thickness is usually between V4 and V2 in. Heater tubes are often constructed out of chrome steel. A high chrome content is 13 percent. The chrome content increases the heat resistance of the tube. A tube with a 11 to 13 percent chrome content can normally withstand a skin temperature of up to 1300 to 1350°F. A low-chrome-content tube of perhaps 3 percent may be limited to 1200°F tube metal temperature. Naturally, the pressure, thickness, and diameter of the tube all affect its maximum skin temperature limitations. 

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