Steel containing vanadium

OTHER COMMENTS used in the preparation of steel containing vanadium added to steel to produce fineness of grain, toughness, and resistance to high temperature and torsion. 

U.S. Stockpile. A U.S. government stockpile goal for vanadium pentoxide of 6985 t contained vanadium was aimounced on May 1, 1980. This is equivalent to 12,470 t of V2O3. At the time of the announcement, the stockpile contained only 4911 of vanadium ia the form of the peatoxide (28). Physical requiremeats are that V2O3 be suppHed as brokea flake, ah. of a size to pass a 2.54-cm screea and not more than 5 wt % to pass a 4.7-mm screen. Packaging ia polyethyleae film iaside 208-L steel dmms and marking of the dmms has been described ia detail (29). 

The benefit of vanadium as an additive in steel is that it forms V4C3 with any carbon present, and this disperses to produce a finegrained steel which has increased resistance to wear and is stronger at high temperatures. Such steels are widely used in the manufacture of springs and high-speed tools. In 1995, world consumption of vanadium metal, alloys and concentrates exceeded 33 000 tonnes of contained vanadium. 

Uses of Vanadium, (a) Vanadium Steels.—By far the largest proportion of the world s production of vanadium is absorbed in the production of ferrovanadium alloy for the manufacture of vanadium steels, which usually contain up to 0-8 per cent, of vanadium. The effect of the addition of vanadium to a steel is to increase its tensile strength enormously, also its hardness, and its resistance to shock and fatigue.6 A good carbon steel containing about 1-10 per cent, of carbon has an elastic limit of about 30 tons per square inch and an ultimate... 

The major industrial use of vanadium is in alloy steels and cast iron, to which it lends ductility and shock resistance. Conunercial production is mainly as the iron alloy ferrovanadium, a tough, high-speed steel containing around 4-5% V. In ferrovanadium manufacture, vanadium pentoxide is reduced in an airtight electric furnace by ferrosilicon. ... 

There are two types of alloys. In a substitutional alloy, some of the metal atoms in a crystal lattice are replaced by other atoms (usually of comparable size). Examples are brass, in which approximately one third of the atoms in a copper crystal are replaced by zinc atoms, and pewter, an alloy of tin that contains 7% copper, 6% bismuth, and 2% antimony. In an interstitial alloy, atoms of one or more additional elements enter the interstitial sites of the host metal lattice. An example is steel, in which carbon atoms occupy interstitial sites of an iron crystal, making the material stronger and harder than pure iron. Mild steel contains less than 0.2% C and is used for nails, whereas high-carbon steels can contain up to 1.5% C and are used in specialty applications such as tools and springs. Alloy steels are both substitutional and interstitial atoms from metals such as chromium and vanadium substitute for iron atoms, with carbon remaining in interstitial sites. Alloy steels have a variety of specialized purposes, ranging from cutlery to bicycle frames. 

Steel is an iron aUoy containing smaU amounts of carbon (0.2 to 1.8 percent) and sometimes other elements such as chromium, manganese, nickel, tungsten, molybdenum, and vanadium. Steel cannot contain more than 1.8 percent carbon without becoming brittle, and the most common steels usually have closer to 0.2 percent carbon content. Commercial iron contains 2 to 4 percent carbon and is very brittle. Carbon steel contains only iron and carbon. 

Vanadium is not used commercially in the pure state. More than 90 per cent of it is marketed as ferro-vanadium and used in the manufacture of steels ferro-vanadium contains from 30 to 40 per cent of vanadium. The metal enhances the toughness, tensile... 

The structural material will be exposed to high radiation fields, causing radiation damage and induced radioactivity. The preferred material at present seems to be reinforced carbon, special steel and vanadium. Thus, considerable amounts of (ti, 330 d), and possibly also some very long-lived Mn, are formed. This induced activity will be a maintenance hazard, requiring remote control systems. However, compared to a fission reactor of similar size, the fusion reactor will contain less total radioactivity, and (of special importance in waste disposal) be free of long-lived a-activities. 

Austenitic steels containing titanium or niobium as stabilizing elements tend to absorb carbon from sodium and they withstand decarburization by liquid lithium, thus suppressing a carbon transfer, which might be caused by the presence of vanadium based alloys. 

Other metals were successfully added to steel, chromium, molybdenum, vanadium, tungsten, niobium, forming varieties of alloy steel suitable for particular purposes. By 1919 a non-rusting stainless steel, containing chromium and nickel, had been patented by the American inventor Elwood Haynes (1857-1925). In 1916, Japanese metallurgist Kotaro Honda (1870-1954) found that adding cobalt to... 

Amgwe P, Schlapfer P and Preis P, Research on the Action of Oil Ash Containing Vanadium on Heat Resistant Steels. Wiss Tech, 1949, 15 291-299. 

An 8% Al-Cu alloy, oxidizing in air at 750 C in the presence of M0O3 vapor from an adjoining molylxlenum wire not in contact, was found to react at an abnormally high rate [31], Similar accelerated oxidation in air was reported for stainless steels containing a few percent molybdenum or vanadium [32], or as little as 0.04% boron [33], The oxidation products were voluminous and porous. 

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